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Preface; Contents; Editors and Contributors; 1 Numerical Experiment of Stratification Induced by Diurnal Solar Heating Over the Louisiana Shelf; Abstract; 1.1 Background; 1.2 Numerical Model; 1.3 Model Specification; 1.3.1 Modeling Period and Data; 1.3.2 Model Inputs; 1.3.2.1 Heat Flux; 1.3.2.2 Wind Data; 1.3.2.3 Initial Temperature Profile; 1.3.3 Boundary Conditions; 1.4 Simulation Results; 1.4.1 Model Evaluation; 1.4.2 Sea Surface Temperature; 1.4.3 Vertical Distribution of Temperature; 1.5 Representing Stratification Based on Gradient Richardson Number.

1.6 Diurnal Heating/Stratification and Measured Bottom Oxygen Concentration1.7 Summary and Conclusion; Acknowledgements; Appendix A: Formulation of Different Surface Heat Components; References; 2 Physical Drivers of the Circulation and Thermal Regime Impacting Seasonal Hypoxia in Green Bay, Lake Michigan; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Methods; 2.2.1 New Field Measurements; 2.2.2 Historical Observations; 2.2.3 Meteorological Forcing; 2.2.4 Modeling; 2.2.5 Model Validation; 2.2.6 Spectral Analysis; 2.2.7 Effects of Earth's Rotation; 2.3 Results and Discussion.

2.3.1 Relation Between the Surface Heat Flux and Stratification2.3.2 Relation Between Wind Fields and Circulation Pattern; 2.3.3 Relation Between Wind Direction and Water Exchange Between Green Bay and Lake Michigan; 2.3.4 Estimation of Water Transport Between Lower and Upper Green Bay; 2.3.5 Effects of Wind, Stratification, Earth's Rotation, and the Bay and Lake Topography on Two-Layer Flows; 2.3.6 Effects of Stratification, Earth's Rotation, and the Bay and Lake Topography on the Direction of Currents; 2.4 Conclusions; References.

3 Interannual Variation in Stratification over the Texas -- Louisiana Continental Shelf and Effects on Seasonal Hypoxia3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Model Setup; 3.3 Results; 3.4 Discussion; 3.5 Conclusions; References; 4 A Reduced Complexity, Hybrid Empirical-Mechanistic Model of Eutrophication and Hypoxia in Shallow Marine Ecosystems; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Methods; 4.2.1 Study System; 4.2.2 Ecosystem Model Kinetics; 4.2.2.1 Phytoplankton Biomass and Production; 4.2.2.2 Pelagic Respiration; 4.2.2.3 Carbon Deposition and Sediment Fluxes; 4.2.2.4 Remaining Formulations.

4.2.3 Forcing Functions4.2.4 Spatial Elements and Transport Model; 4.2.5 Calibration and Sensitivity Analysis; 4.3 Results and Discussion; 4.3.1 Phytoplankton; 4.3.2 Nutrients; 4.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen; 4.3.4 Rate Processes; 4.3.5 Model Skill; 4.3.6 Sensitivity Analysis; 4.4 Conclusions and Future Directions; Acknowledgements; References; 5 Modeling Physical and Biogeochemical Controls on Dissolved Oxygen in Chesapeake Bay: Lessons Learned from Simple and Complex Approaches; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Methods and Approach; 5.2.1 Box Model with Biogeochemistry (BM-RCA).

This book provides a snapshot of representative modeling analyses of coastal hypoxia and its effects. Hypoxia refers to conditions in the water column where dissolved oxygen falls below levels that can support most metazoan marine life (i.e., 2 mg O2 l-1). The number of hypoxic zones has been increasing at an exponential rate since the 1960s; there are currently more than 600 documented hypoxic zones in the estuarine and coastal waters worldwide. Hypoxia develops as a synergistic product of many physical and biological factors that affect the balance of dissolved oxygen in seawater, including temperature, solar radiation, wind, freshwater discharge, nutrient supply, and the production and decay of organic matter. A number of modeling approaches have been increasingly used in hypoxia research, along with the more traditional observational and experimental studies. Modeling is necessary because of rapidly changing coastal circulation and stratification patterns that affect hypoxia, the large spatial extent over which hypoxia develops, and limitations on our capabilities to directly measure hypoxia over large spatial and temporal scales. This book consists of 15 chapters that are broadly organized around three main topics: (1) Modeling of the physical controls on hypoxia, (2) Modeling of biogeochemical controls and feedbacks, and, (3) Modeling of the ecological effects of hypoxia. The final chapter is a synthesis chapter that draws generalities from the earlier chapters, highlights strengths and weaknesses of the current state-of-the-art modeling, and offers recommendations on future directions.