SpringerLink Springer Engineering eBooks 2017 English+International

Incluye referencias bibliográficas

Preface; Who This Book Is For; Why This Book Is Important; Who This Book Is Not For; Scripts; References; Contents; 1 Scientific Method, Human Research Ethics, and Biosafety/Biosecurity; Abstract; 1.1 How Is Human Subject Research Different from Engineering?; 1.2 Hypothesis; 1.3 Is a Hypothesis Always Needed?; 1.4 Ethics; 1.4.1 Informed Consent; 1.4.2 Ethically Challenging Research Aspects; 1.4.3 Big Data Research; 1.4.4 Is Ethically Challenging Research Impossible?; 1.4.5 Isn't This Just Excessive Paperwork?; 1.5 Biosafety and Biosecurity; 1.5.1 Biosafety; 1.5.2 Biosecurity; References.

2 Experimental DesignAbstract; 2.1 Experiments and Quasi-experiments; 2.2 Between-Subjects Design; 2.2.1 Control Groups; 2.2.2 Participant Assignment to Groups; 2.3 Within-Subject Design; 2.4 Choosing Between-Subjects or Within-Subject Design: More Than just a Matter of Statistical Power; 2.5 Validity Threats in Experiments; 2.5.1 Demand Characteristics; 2.5.2 Experimenter Expectancy Effect; 2.6 Quasi-experiments; 2.7 Validity Threat in Quasi-experiments: Causation Versus Correlation; 2.8 Validity Threats in Experiments and Quasi-experiments; 2.8.1 Sample Representativeness; 2.8.2 Attrition.

2.9 Measurements and Measures2.9.1 Statistical Reliability; 2.9.2 Self-reported Measures (Questionnaires); 2.10 Finally, Some Tips Before Starting the Experiment; References; 3 Statistics; Abstract; 3.1 What This Chapter Does (Not) Cover; 3.2 Descriptive Statistics; 3.2.1 Central Tendency and Variability; 3.2.2 Effect Sizes; 3.2.2.1 Cohen's d; 3.2.2.2 Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient; 3.2.2.3 Point-Biserial Correlation; 3.2.2.4 Spearman Rank-Order Correlation; 3.2.2.5 Risk Ratios and Odds Ratios; 3.2.3 What is a Strong Effect?; 3.2.4 Why Tables Are Not Enough.

3.3 Inferential Statistics3.3.1 Sample Versus Population; 3.3.2 Hypothesis Testing; 3.3.3 Independent-Samples t Test; 3.3.4 Paired-Samples t Test; 3.3.5 One-Tailed Versus Two-Tailed Tests; 3.3.6 Alternatives to the t Test; 3.3.7 Multivariate Statistics; 3.4 Pitfalls of Null Hypothesis Significance Testing; 3.4.1 Most Published Research Findings Are False; 3.4.2 Bias; 3.4.3 Recommendations in Order to Maximize the Replicability of a Work; 3.5 Final Note; References; 4 Publishing; Abstract; 4.1 What Is Publishing and Why Is It Important?; 4.2 What Is a Research Paper?

4.2.1 Structure of a Research Paper4.2.1.1 Title; 4.2.1.2 Authorship; 4.2.1.3 Affiliations; 4.2.1.4 Abstract; 4.2.1.5 Main Text; 4.2.1.6 Acknowledgments, Disclosures, and Biographies; 4.2.1.7 References; 4.2.1.8 Supplementary Material; 4.2.1.9 Figures and Tables; 4.2.2 Writing Style; 4.2.3 Preventing Plagiarism; 4.2.4 Copyright; 4.2.5 Fraud; 4.3 Publication Bias; 4.4 The Process from Submission to Publishing; 4.5 Open Access Journals; 4.6 Scientometrics; 4.6.1 Impact Factor; 4.6.2 h-Index; 4.6.3 Altmetrics; References; MATLAB Scripts.

This Brief introduces engineers to the main principles in ethics, research design, statistics, and publishing of human subject research. In recent years, engineering has become strongly connected to disciplines such as biology, medicine, and psychology. Often, engineers (and engineering students) are expected to perform human subject research. Typical human subject research topics conducted by engineers include human-computer interaction (e.g., evaluating the usability of software), exoskeletons, virtual reality, teleoperation, modelling of human behaviour and decision making (often within the framework of 'big data' research), product evaluation, biometrics, behavioural tracking (e.g., of work and travel patterns, or mobile phone use), transport and planning (e.g., an analysis of flows or safety issues), etc. Thus, it can be said that knowledge on how to do human subject research is indispensable for a substantial portion of engineers. Engineers are generally well trained in calculus and mechanics, but may lack the appropriate knowledge on how to do research with human participants. In order to do high-quality human subject research in an ethical manner, several guidelines have to be followed and pitfalls have to be avoided. This book discusses these guidelines and pitfalls. The aim is to prepare engineers and engineering students to carry out independent research in a responsible manner.