This work adds an ecological and evolutionary perspective to the study of the relations between humans and natural resources. The first to cover this subject in English, this text studies the branch of ethnobiology that analyzes the evolutionary history of human behavioral patterns and human understanding about biological resources, considering the historical and contemporary aspects that influence these behaviors at both the individual and societal levels. Ethnobiology aggregates different theoretical, epistemological, and methodological perspectives. While some of these perspectives ignore the ecological and evolutionary nature of ethnobiology, the conventional ecological science insufficiently considers human aspects as topics of theoretical interest. Through exploring theories in ethnobiology, this work examines the interrelationships between people and nature, considering the forces that helped shape this inextricable link.