Introduction, objectives and summary of the design process -- to visual representation -- Justification, derivation and evaluation of pictogram contents -- Development of a design system and production of pictograms -- Evaluation of the produced pictograms -- Conclusion, implications and future research projects.

This book presents a complete human-centered design process (ISO 9241:210) that had two goals: to design universal, intuitive, and permanent pictograms and to develop a process for designing suitable pictograms. The book analyzes characteristics of visual representations, grounded in semiotics. It develops requirements for pictogram contents, relying on embodied cognition, and it derives content candidates in empirical studies on four continents. The book suggests that visual perception is universal, intuitive, and permanent. Consequently, it derives guidelines for content design from visual perception. Subsequently, pictogram prototypes are produced in a research through design process, using the guidelines and the content candidates. Evaluation studies suggest that the prototypes are a success. They are more suitable than established pictograms and they should be considered universal, intuitive, and permanent. In conclusion, a technical design process is proposed. Target audience Designers profit from this book because they will be able to further improve their designs Researchers profit because the findings contribute to research on universal and intuitive interaction Businesses profit because they will be able to adapt their processes, increasing suitability and profitability Dr. Daniel Bühler is a researcher in the Department of Applied Media Studies at Brandenburg University of Technology. He is interested in multimodal human-computer interaction, data-driven design, audiovisual perception and cognition, and semiotics. He holds master's degrees in three fields (MA, MEd, MFA). In his PhD, he brought these fields together conducting a complete human-centered design process, grounded in scientific theory, empirical research, and research through practice. Through universal, intuitive, and permanent designs, Daniel tries to improve interaction between people worldwide.