1: Vertebral Lesions: Imaging; 1.1 Imaging Strategy; 1.1.1 Introduction; 1.1.2 Age and Clinical History; 1.1.3 Number of Lesions; 1.1.4 Location; 1.1.5 Morphology; 1.1.5.1 Border; 1.1.5.2 Matrix; 1.1.5.3 Expansion; 1.1.5.4 Soft Tissue Component; 1.1.6 Imaging Features; 1.1.6.1 CT/X-ray Imaging Features; 1.1.6.2 MR Imaging Features; 1.1.6.3 Specific Patterns; 1.2 Primary Vertebral Lesions; 1.2.1 Vertebral Haemangioma; 1.2.1.1 General; 1.2.1.2 Imaging; 1.2.2 Plasmacytoma; 1.2.2.1 General; 1.2.2.2 Imaging; 1.2.3 Multiple Myeloma; 1.2.3.1 General; 1.2.3.2 Imaging

1.2.4 Chordoma1.2.4.1 General; 1.2.4.2 Imaging; 1.2.5 Osteoid Osteoma; 1.2.5.1 General; 1.2.5.2 Imaging; 1.2.6 Osteoblastoma; 1.2.6.1 General; 1.2.7 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst; 1.2.7.1 General; 1.2.7.2 Imaging; 1.2.8 Giant Cell Tumour; 1.2.8.1 General; 1.2.8.2 Imaging; 1.2.9 Eosinophilic Granuloma; 1.2.9.1 General; 1.2.9.2 Imaging; 1.2.10 Enostosis; 1.2.10.1 General; 1.2.10.2 Imaging; 1.3 Vertebral Metastasis; 1.3.1 General; 1.3.2 Imaging; 1.3.3 Differential Diagnosis; 1.4 Summary; References; 2: Biomechanics of Vertebral Fracture; 2.1 The Spine as a Biomechanical System

2.2 Vertebral Structure2.2.1 Trabecular Centrum; 2.2.2 Cortical Shell; 2.2.3 Endplates; 2.2.4 Posterior Elements; 2.3 Vertebral Bone; 2.3.1 Composition; 2.3.2 Mechanical Behaviour; 2.3.3 Bone Quality; 2.3.4 Age-Related Changes; 2.3.5 Impact of Intervertebral Disc; 2.4 Spinal Column Classification; 2.5 Spinal Stability; 2.6 Vertebral Fractures; 2.7 Traumatic Injuries; 2.7.1 Osteoporotic Fractures; 2.7.2 Pathologic Fractures; 2.8 Fracture Types; 2.8.1 Compression Fractures; 2.8.2 Burst Fractures; 2.8.3 Flexion Distraction Injuries; 2.8.4 Facet Joint Injuries

2.8.5 Fractures of the Odontoid Process2.8.6 Classification of Fracture Instability; 2.9 Fracture Risk Prediction; 2.9.1 Bone Mineral Density; 2.9.2 Clinical Factors; 2.9.3 Quantitative Computed Tomography; 2.9.4 Structural Rigidity; 2.9.5 Finite Element Analysis; 2.9.6 Damage; 2.9.7 Loading; 2.9.8 Spinal Alignment; 2.10 Vertebral Metastases; 2.10.1 Strength and Fracture Risk; 2.10.2 Impact on Material Properties; 2.11 Treatment Effects; 2.11.1 Minimally Invasive Cement-Based Vertebral Stabilization; 2.12 Summary; References; 3: Spine Biopsy; 3.1 Introduction

3.2 Imaging Guidance Modalities3.2.1 Fluoroscopy Guidance; 3.2.2 CT Guidance; 3.3 Materials; 3.4 Positioning, Prepping, Draping, Anesthesia, and Contraindications; 3.5 Sacral Vertebral Biopsies; 3.6 Lumbar Vertebral Biopsy; 3.6.1 Trans-pedicular Approach; 3.6.2 Extra-Pedicular Approach; 3.6.3 Fluoroscopic Guidance; 3.6.4 CT Guidance; 3.7 Thoracic Vertebral Biopsy; 3.7.1 Trans-pedicular Approach; 3.7.2 Extra-Pedicular Approach; 3.7.3 Fluoroscopic Guidance; 3.7.4 CT Guidance; 3.8 Cervical Vertebral Biopsy; 3.8.1 Anterolateral Approach; 3.8.1.1 Fluoroscopic Guidance

This easy-to-consult guide describes new minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of vertebral lesions that are accompanied by fewer complications and side-effects, reduce the risks of anesthesia, and lower costs. Clear accounts are provided of CT and X-ray guided techniques for vertebral augmentation in different regions of the spine and for the treatment of vertebral tumors by means of cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, and embolization. Helpful information is also provided on imaging, biomechanics, biopsy, and biomaterials. Like other books in the Springer series New Procedures in Spinal Interventional Neuroradiology, this practice-oriented volume will fill a significant gap in the literature and meet the need expressed by a large number of specialists (interventional neuroradiologists and radiologists, neurosurgeons, and orthopedists) for a topical and handy guide that specifically illustrates the presently available materials and methods.