Abbreviations; Contents; Contributor List; 1: Epilepsy, Status Epilepticus, and Refractory Status Epilepticus; 1.1 Epilepsy; 1.1.1 Definition of Epilepsy; 1.1.2 Classification of Epilepsy; 1.1.3 Refractory Epilepsy (RE); 1.2 Status Epilepticus; 1.2.1 Definition of SE; 1.2.2 Classification of SE; 1.3 Definition and Classification of RSE; 1.4 Diagnosis of Convulsive Epilepsy and Status Epilepticus; 1.4.1 Convulsive Epilepsy Versus Nonepileptic Convulsion; 1.4.2 Characteristics of Convulsive Epilepsy; 1.4.3 Characteristics of CSE; 1.4.4 Evaluation of Convulsive Epilepsy

1.4.5 Distinguish Nonepileptic Convulsion from Convulsive Epilepsy1.4.5.1 Convulsive Syncope; 1.4.5.2 Pheochromocytoma-Induced Convulsion; 1.4.5.3 Insulinoma-Induced Convulsion; 1.4.5.4 Hypertensive Encephalopathy- Induced Convulsion; 1.4.5.5 Convulsive Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures; 1.4.5.6 Hyperventilation Syndrome and Its Differentiation from Epilepsy; 1.4.5.7 Eclampsia; 1.5 Diagnosis of NCSE; 1.5.1 Definition of NCSE; 1.5.2 Incidence of NCSE; 1.5.3 Etiology of NCSE; 1.5.4 Clinical Manifestations of NCSE; 1.5.4.1 Generalized Typical Absence in NCSE Without Coma

1.5.4.2 Generalized Atypical Absence in NCSE Without Coma1.5.4.3 Myoclonic Absence in NCSE Without Coma; 1.5.4.4 Focal NCSE Without Impairment of Consciousness; 1.5.4.5 Focal NCSE with Aphasic Status; 1.5.4.6 Focal NCSE with Impairment of Consciousness; 1.5.4.7 NCSE Failure of Classification as Generalized or Focal Status; 1.5.5 Diagnosis of NCSE; 1.5.6 Treatment of NCSE; 1.6 Diagnosis of RSE; 1.6.1 Epidemiological Investigation of RSE; 1.6.2 Relative Factors of RSE; 1.6.2.1 Age; 1.6.2.2 Type of Onset of Status Epilepticus; 1.6.2.3 Etiology; 1.6.3 Clinical Features of RSE

1.6.3.1 New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus1.6.3.2 Refractory Status Epilepticus in Patients with Preexisting Epilepsy with Initial Treatment Failure; 1.6.3.3 Special Types of RSE; 1.6.4 Treatment for RSE; 1.6.5 Prognosis of RSE; References; 2: Pathogenesis of Refractory Status Epilepticus; 2.1 Mechanism of Seizure Termination; 2.1.1 The Characteristics of Seizure Self-Limitation; 2.1.2 Factors Related to Seizure Self-Limitation; 2.1.3 Potential Mechanism of Seizure Self-Limitation; 2.1.4 Conclusion; 2.2 The Pathogenesis of SE

2.2.1 Changes in the Internal Environment During SE2.2.2 The Pathogenesis of SE; 2.2.3 Conclusions; 2.3 The Pathogenesis of RSE; 2.3.1 Translocation of GABA and Glutamate Receptors; 2.3.2 Neuronal Injury and Death; 2.3.3 Changes in the Expression of Neuropeptides; 2.3.4 Inflammatory Process; 2.3.5 Changes in Gene Expression; 2.3.6 Conclusions; References; 3: Brain Damage Caused by Status Epilepticus; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Clinical Evidence and the Chronology of Brain Damage During and After SE; 3.3 Animal Experimental Evidence of Brain Damage During and After SE

This book aims to offer the accumulated fertile experience of treating drug-resistant epileptic patients collected over the past few decades, focusing on aspects of neurology, neurosurgery, emergency care, critical care medicine and basic medical research. Refractory status epilepticus is one of the most common severe and acute diseases in neurology and neurocritical care; it is also the main cause of death in epileptic patients. In the context of prevention and treatment processes, it is not only necessary to terminate epileptic seizures, but to also address the disruption of the patient's internal environment and provide critical life support. Effective treatment calls for multi-disciplinary support from neurology, neurosurgery, emergency care, critical care medicine, and other fields. Further, since the clinical features of epileptic seizure are not specific, it is necessary to differentiate it from other diseases that produce convulsions, disorders of consciousness, syncope, mental and behavioral disorders, myoclonus, etc., to avoid misdiagnosis. In this book, it comprehensively and systematically describes the basic knowledge as well as prevention and treatment tips, providing an invaluable reference resource for medical students and professionals in neurology, neurosurgery, emergency care and critical care medicine.