Includes index.

Springer Biomedical and Life Sciences eBooks 2017 English+International

Contributors; Editors Biographies; Manganese Control of Glutamate Transporters' Gene Expression; 1 Introduction; 2 Astrocytes and Mn Neurotoxicity; 2.1 Glutamate Excitotoxicity in Mn Neurotoxicity; 2.2 Mn Inhibition of Glutamate Transporters' Gene Expression; 3 Mn Induces Glutamate Transporters' Gene Dysregulation; 3.1 Intracellular Signaling Pathways; 3.2 Transcriptional Regulation; 3.3 Epigenetic Regulation; 3.4 Attenuation of Mn-Induced Glutamate Transporters' Repression; 4 Summary; References; Glycine Transporters in Glia Cells: Structural Studies; 1 Introduction

2 Glial Glycine Transporters3 Structure of the Glycine Transporters; 4 GlyT1 Transporter: Structural Aspects; 5 Concluding Remarks; References; Taurine Homeostasis and Volume Control; 1 Introduction; 2 Taurine Content in the Brain; 3 Taurine Biosynthesis, Turnover, and Transport; 3.1 Biosynthesis; 3.2 Dietary Sources of Taurine; 3.3 Taurine Turnover Rate and Metabolic Degradation; 3.4 Taurine Transport: The Taurine Transporter TAUT; 4 Brain and Taurine Deficiency: Findings from Taurine Dietary Restriction, CSD, and TAUT Genetic Ablation; 4.1 Taurine Dietary Restriction

4 Pharmacological and Genetic Models to Study GlyT1 Function4.1 GlyT1 Inhibitors; 4.2 Pharmacological Models; 4.3 Genetic Models; 5 Other Glycine Transporters; 6 GlyT1 as a Target for Psychiatric and Neurologic Diseases; 6.1 Schizophrenia; 6.2 Drug Addiction; 6.3 Depression; 6.4 Anxiety; 6.5 Ischemia and Exotoxicity; 6.6 Neuropathic Pain; 6.7 Epilepsy; 7 Conclusions nd Prospects; References; Revised Ion/Substrate Coupling Stoichiometry of GABA Transporters; 1 Introduction; 2 GABA Transporters and Na+- and Cl−-Coupled GABA Transport; 3 A Brief History of GABA Transporter Stoichiometry

4 Recent Evidence in Support of a Revised Ion/Substrate Coupling Stoichiometry for the GABA Transporters5 Implications of the Revised GABA Transporter Stoichiometry for Synaptic and Extrasynaptic GABA Concentrations; 6 Implications of the Revised GABA Transporter Stoichiometry for the Mechanism of Na+/Cl−/GABA Cotransport; 7 Conclusions and Future Directions; References; EAAT2 and the Molecular Signature of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; 1 Glutamate Dysregulation in ALS; 2 Glutamate Receptor Changes in ALS and Motor Neuron Vulnerability; 3 Glutamate Transporters and Dysregulation in ALS

4.2 TAUT and CSAD Knockout (KO) Mice5 Taurine Homeostasis Facing Volume Changes in the Brain; 5.1 Mechanisms for Taurine Translocation Following Cell Volume Changes; 6 Taurine Homeostasis in Neuropathologies and Aging; 6.1 Cell Swelling in Acute and Chronic Hyponatremia; 6.2 Cell Swelling and Taurine Homeostasis in Ischemia; 6.3 Taurine and Aging; References; Glycine Transporters and Its Coupling with NMDA Receptors; 1 Introduction; 2 NMDAR Subunits and the Glycine Binding Site; 3 Regulation of the Extracellular Glycine Concentration by Glycine Transporters

Our current knowledge of the role of macroglia in the physiology of the nervous system has been shaped on by both the established role of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in the propagation of the action potential and by the concept of the tripartite synapse. In both cases, integral membrane proteins such as receptors and transporters are crucial for the proper function of these cells. This book is an extensive review of the contribution of glial membrane transporters. Model transporters are analysed in terms of their structure, distribution and involvement in major functions and/or pathologies of the nervous system. It is important to note that a particular emphasis has been placed in the rather unexplored signalling properties of glial transporters. Likewise, strategies toward the design of novel compounds that target membrane transporters are discussed. Different points of view of the involvement and contribution of glial transporters are presented in this volume, and the contrast of these interpretations invites the readers to broaden their interest of membrane transporters beyond the chapters of this book. No intention was made to provide a certain order to the chapters of the book; in fact any of them can be read independently. We want to express our appreciation to the contributors for their enthusiasm in the preparation of their excellent chapters that will certainly provide a fresh perspective of the exponential accumulation of knowledge that has been published in the last few years and unequivocally changing the concept of glial physiology. It is our hope that this book provides a major input to the fascinating field of membrane transporters as fundamental proteins for the establishment of a better understanding of glia-neuron interactions. .