Foreword; Preface; Contents; Part I: Imaging Modality and Technique Pitfalls Related to the Musculoskeletal System; 1: Radiography Limitations and Pitfalls; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Pitfalls Related to Radiographic Image Acquisition; 1.2.1 Adequacy of Coverage and Views; 1.2.2 Radiographic Technique and Positioning; 1.2.3 Radiographic Artifacts; 1.3 Limitations of Radiographic Imaging of Non-osseous Structures; 1.3.1 Intra- and Periarticular Structures; 1.3.1.1 Articular Cartilage; 1.3.1.2 Synovium and Joint Fluid; 1.3.1.3 Ligaments, Tendons, and Other Fibrocartilaginous Structures

1.3.2 Other Soft Tissues and Foreign Bodies1.4 Radiographically Occult Osseous Abnormalities; 1.4.1 Destructive Osseous Lesions; 1.4.2 Trauma-Related Osseous Injuries; 1.4.2.1 Undisplaced Fractures; 1.4.2.2 Stress Injuries; 1.4.3 Osteoporosis; References; 2: Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Ultrasound Imaging; 2.2.1 Equipment; 2.2.2 Physics; 2.2.3 Doppler US; 2.2.4 Normal Structures; 2.3 Gray-Scale Artifacts; 2.3.1 Beam Characteristics; 2.3.2 Velocity Errors; 2.3.3 Attenuation Errors; 2.3.4 Multiple Echoes; 2.4 Color and Power Doppler Artifacts

3.5.2 Patient Positioning3.5.3 Contrast-Related Artifacts; 3.6 Dual-Energy CT Scanner Artifacts; 3.6.1 Benefits of Dual-Energy CT; 3.6.2 Pitfalls of Dual-Energy CT; 3.7 Dedicated Extremity Cone Beam CT Artifacts; 3.7.1 Benefits of Dedicated Extremity Cone Beam CT; 3.7.2 Pitfalls of Dedicated Extremity Cone Beam CT; 3.8 Dynamic Four-Dimensional Musculoskeletal CT Artifacts; References; 4: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 MRI Artifacts; 4.2.1 Motion; 4.2.2 Susceptibility and Artifacts Related to Orthopedic Hardware; 4.2.3 Chemical Shift

4.2.4 Magic Angle Phenomenon4.2.5 Protocol Errors; 4.2.5.1 Partial Volume Averaging; 4.2.5.2 Radiofrequency Interference; 4.2.5.3 Saturation; 4.2.5.4 Shading; 4.2.5.5 Truncation; 4.2.5.6 Wraparound; 4.3 Technical Pros and Cons; 4.3.1 Fat-Suppression Techniques; 4.3.2 Isotropic Imaging; References; 5: Nuclear Medicine Imaging Artifacts; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Types of Artifacts; 5.2.1 Radiopharmaceutical Related; 5.2.1.1 Preparation and Formulation; 5.2.1.2 Administration Techniques and Procedures; 5.2.1.3 Pathophysiological and Biochemical Changes; 5.2.1.4 Medical Procedures

This superbly illustrated book offers comprehensive and systematic coverage of the pitfalls that may arise during musculoskeletal imaging, whether as a consequence of the imaging technique itself or due to anatomical variants or particular aspects of disease. The first section is devoted to technique-specific artifacts encountered when using different imaging modalities and covers the entire range of advanced methods, including high-resolution ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Advice is provided on correct imaging technique. In the second section, pitfalls in imaging interpretation that may occur during the imaging of trauma to various structures and of the diseases affecting these structures are described. Misleading imaging appearances in such pathologies as inflammatory arthritides, infections, metabolic bone lesions, congenital skeletal dysplasias, tumors and tumor-like conditions are highlighted, and normal variants are also identified. Pitfalls in Musculoskeletal Radiology will be an invaluable source of information for the practicing radiologist, facilitating recognition of pitfalls of all types and avoidance of diagnostic errors and misinterpretations, with their medicolegal implications.

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