SpringerLink Springer Biomedical and Life Sciences eBooks 2017 English+International

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Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; Contributors; About the Editors; Part I: Production of Sugars; Chapter 1: Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Sugars; 1.1 Introduction; 1.1.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass; 1.1.1.1 Biomass Cell Wall Structure; 1.1.1.2 Cellulose; 1.1.1.3 Hemicellulose; 1.1.1.4 Lignin; 1.1.2 Conversion Pathways from Lignocellulose Biomass to Sugars; 1.1.3 Biomass Recalcitrance; 1.2 Pretreatment; 1.2.1 Thermochemical Pretreatment; 1.2.1.1 Dilute Acid (DA) Pretreatment; 1.2.1.2 Steam Explosion (SE) Pretreatment; 1.2.1.3 Liquid Hot Water (LHW) Pretreatment.

1.2.1.4 Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment1.2.1.5 Ethylenediamine (EDA) Pretreatment; 1.2.1.6 Aqueous Ammonia (AA) Pretreatment; 1.2.1.7 Lime Pretreatment; 1.2.1.8 Ionic Liquid (IL) Pretreatment; 1.2.1.9 Organosolv Pretreatment; 1.2.1.10 COSLIF Pretreatment; 1.2.1.11 Sulfite Pretreatment; 1.2.1.12 Wet Oxidation Pretreatment; 1.2.2 Biological Pretreatment; 1.2.3 Biomass Harvest and Storage; 1.2.4 Mechanical Comminution; 1.2.5 Fractionation; 1.3 Enzymes for Lignocellulose Hydrolysis; 1.3.1 Classification of Enzymes; 1.3.2 Enzyme-Cellulose Interaction.

1.4 Factors Affecting Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose1.4.1 Inhibitors to Enzymatic Hydrolysis; 1.4.1.1 Lignin Non-productive Adsorption; 1.4.1.2 Lignin Derived Phenolics; 1.4.1.3 Oligo-saccharides; 1.4.1.4 Products Inhibition; 1.4.2 Additives to Improve Enzymatic Hydrolysis; 1.4.2.1 Non-hydrolytic Proteins; 1.4.2.2 Surfactants; 1.4.2.3 Metal Ions; 1.4.3 Synergistic Effect; 1.4.4 High Solids Loading; 1.5 Hydrolysis Strategy; 1.5.1 Enzyme Recycling; 1.5.2 Pelletization; 1.5.3 Application of Bioconversion from Lignocellulose to Sugars-SSF Process and Fed-Batch for Bioethanol Production.

1.6 Conclusions and Future OutlookReferences; Part II: Production of Aldehydes; Chapter 2: Sustainable Catalytic Strategies for C5-Sugars and Biomass Hemicellulose Conversion Towards Furfural Production; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Mechanistic Considerations of Furfural Formation; 2.1.2 Industrial Furfural Manufacturing and Their Recent Updates; 2.2 Emerging Strategies of Furfural Production; 2.2.1 Homogeneous Catalysis; 2.2.1.1 Metal Halides; Fundamentals and Mechanism; Interaction of Metal Halides with Water; Furfural from C5-Sugars and Lignocellulosic Feedstocks.

Monophasic Aqueous and Non-aqueous SystemsBiphasic Systems; 2.2.1.2 Supercritical Fluids; Supercritical Carbon Dioxide; Furfural Formation from Pentoses and Biomass in Supercritical CO2; 2.2.1.3 Ionic Liquids; Ionic Liquids Used as Acidic Catalysts; Ionic Liquids Used as Both Solvents and Acidic Catalysts; 2.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis; 2.2.2.1 Zeolites (Microporous Catalysts); 2.2.2.2 Mesoporous Acid-Catalysts; 2.2.2.3 Metal Oxides; 2.3 Conclusions and Future Outlook; References; Chapter 3: Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Biomass and Biomass-Derived Sugars.

This book provides state-of-the-art reviews, the latest research, prospects and challenges of the production of platform chemicals such as C6 sugars, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, gamma-valerolactone, xylitol, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, levulinic acid, ethanol and others from sustainable biomass resources using processes that include heterogeneous catalysis, ionic liquids, hydrothermal/solvothermal, electrochemical and fermentation methods. It also discusses the application of these chemicals and their derivatives for synthesizing commodity chemicals via various routes. Intended as a reference resource for researchers, academicians and industrialists in the area of energy, chemical engineering and biomass conversion, it provides a wealth of information essential for assessing the production and application of various biomass-derived platform chemicals using biological, chemical and electrochemical techniques.