4.2.1 Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences of Antioxidants in Pleuragramma antarctica.

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Foreword; Preface; Note on Taxonomy and Nomenclature; Acknowledgements; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Evolution and Adaptations; Chapter 1: Evolution Reshaped Life for the Water Column: The Skeleton of the Antarctic Silverfish Pleuragramma antarctica Boulenger, 1902; 1.1 Introduction; 1.1.1 Secondary Pelagization, a Major Step in the Evolutionary History of the Antarctic Silverfish; 1.1.2 Note on Taxonomy and Nomenclature; 1.2 Anatomical Features of the Silverfish Skeleton; 1.2.1 The Neurocranium; 1.2.2 The Splanchnocranium; 1.2.3 The Shoulder Girdle Skeleton; 1.2.4 The Axial Skeleton.

1.2.5 Unpaired Fins and the Caudal Fin1.3 Antarctic Silverfish Skeletal Characteristics and Pelagic Life; 1.4 Skeletal Formation; 1.5 Molecular Basis of Reduced Bone Formation in P. antarctica; References; Chapter 2: Coping with Ice: Freeze Avoidance in the Antarctic Silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica) from Egg to Adult; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Coping with Ice: Freeze Tolerance and Freeze Avoidance; 2.2.1 Two Classes of Biological Antifreeze; 2.2.2 Antifreeze Activity: Thermal Hysteresis; 2.3 Notothenioid Antifreeze Molecules ; 2.3.1 Antifreeze Glycoproteins (AFGPs).

2.3.2 Antifreeze Potentiating Proteins (AFPPs)2.4 How Do Biological Antifreezes Function?; 2.4.1 Biological Antifreezes as Superheating Agents; 2.4.2 Antifreeze Glycoproteins Have a Pancreatic Origin; 2.4.3 How Do Antifreeze Glycoproteins Reach the Blood?; 2.4.4 AFGPS Are Reabsorbed in the Rectum and Recycled via the Bile; 2.4.5 What Happens to Ice Crystals that Reach the Circulatory System?; 2.4.6 Removal of Internal Ice; 2.5 Freeze Avoidance in the Antarctic Silverfish; 2.5.1 P. antarctica Hatchlings Have Functionally Inadequate Levels of Antifreeze.

2.5.2 Physical Barriers to Ice Propagation2.5.3 Dynamics of Antifreeze Production in Developing P. antarctica; 2.5.4 Development of the Pancreas and Antifreeze Synthesis in P. antarctica; 2.6 Can Adult P. antarctica Survive in an Ice-Laden Environment?; 2.7 Ecological Considerations; References; Chapter 3: The Unique Haemoglobin System of Migratory Pleuragramma antarctica: Correlation of Haematological and Biochemical Adaptations with Mode of Life; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Blood Parameters and the Structure/Function Relationship of the Hbs of P. antarctica; 3.2.1 Blood Parameters.

3.2.2 Hb Multiplicity3.2.3 Amino-Acid Sequence; 3.2.4 Considerations on the Primary Structures; 3.2.5 Oxygen-Binding and Effect of Temperature; 3.2.6 Thermodynamics and Mode of Life; 3.2.7 Phylogeny; 3.3 Concluding Remarks; References; Chapter 4: Pro-oxidant Challenges and Antioxidant Adaptation of Pleuragramma antarctica in Platelet Ice; 4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 The Oxidative Stress Adaptation in Antarctic Organisms; 4.1.2 Pleuragramma antarctica Pro-oxidant Challenges; 4.2 Molecular and Functional Adaptation of Antioxidants in Pleuragramma antarctica.

This book encompasses the body of available scientific information on the notothenioid fish Pleuragramma antarctica commonly known as Antarctic silverfish. This plankton-feeder of the intermediate trophic level is the most abundant fish in the coastal regions of high Antarctica, and plays a pivotal ecological role as the main prey of top predators like seals, penguins, whales and Antarctic toothfish. Broad circum-polar distribution, a key role in the Antarctic shelf pelagic ecosystem, and adaptations makes understanding the species' likely response to environmental change relevant to foresee the potential responses at the local ecosystem level. Additionally, a detailed understanding of the abundance and trophic interactions of such a dominant keystone species is a vital element of informing the development of marine spatial planning and marine protected areas in the Antarctic continental shelf region. Experts in the field provide here unique insights into the evolutionary adaptation, eco-physiology, trophic ecology, reproductive and population ecology of the Antarctic silverfish and provide new clues about its vulnerability in facing the challenges of the ongoing environmental changes.