Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Factors Influencing Percutaneous Drug Penetration; 1: Basic Mathematics in Skin Absorption; 1.1 Mathematical Background of Analyzing Skin Absorption Processes; 1.2 Analysis of Skin Permeation; 1.2.1 Dealing with Infinite Dose Skin Permeation; 1.2.2 Dealing with Finite Dose Skin Permeation; 1.3 Analysis of Skin Penetration; 1.3.1 Skin-Concentration Depth Profiles; 1.3.2 Skin Compartmental Approaches; 1.4 Advanced Mathematical Approaches for Studying Skin Absorption; 1.4.1 Laplace Domain Solutions; 1.4.2 Numerical Diffusion Models.

1.5 In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation (IVIVC)1.6 Tips and Tricks; 1.6.1 Infinite Sums in Analytical Solutions; 1.6.2 Fitting of Experimental Data; References; 2: Occlusive Versus Nonocclusive Application in Transdermal Drug Delivery; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Permeability Barrier of Human Skin; 2.3 Enhancing Effect of Occlusion on Transdermal Delivery; 2.4 Delivery Systems Utilizing the Method of Application; 2.4.1 TransfersomesTM; 2.4.2 Supersaturable Transdermal Delivery Systems; References; 3: Finite and Infinite Dosing; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Skin Absorption Kinetics.

3.2.1 Permeation Kinetics3.2.1.1 Infinite-Dose Permeation; 3.2.1.2 Finite-Dose Permeation; 3.2.2 Penetration Kinetics; 3.2.2.1 Infinite-Dose Penetration; 3.2.2.2 Finite-Dose Penetration; References; 4: Non-formulation Parameters That Affect Penetrant-Skin-Vehicle Interactions and Percutaneous Absorption; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Skin Responsiveness as It Applies to Targets for Drugs and Cosmetics; 4.3 Structure-Permeation Relationship in Percutaneous Absorption; 4.4 Permeation Through Intact Epidermis; 4.5 Physicochemical Properties That Favour Appendageal Permeation.

4.13 Prevention of Percutaneous Permeation: A Possibility and a NecessityReferences; 5: The Influence of Emollients on Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Current Emollients, Their Modes of Action, and Their Use in Practice; 5.2.1 Sebum; 5.2.2 Emollient Classes and Properties; 5.2.3 Effect of Emollients on Skin Lubrication; 5.2.4 Effect of Emollients on Skin TEWL and Skin Hydration; 5.2.5 Emollient Substantivity; 5.2.6 An Overall Comparison of Emollient Properties; 5.3 Effects of Emollients on Percutaneous Absorption.

4.6 Physicochemical Properties That Favour Direct Subcutaneous and Deeper Tissue Permeation4.7 Skin Hydration and Percutaneous Absorption; 4.8 Age-Related Skin Barrier Performance; 4.9 Site-Related Skin Barrier Performance; 4.10 Gender-Related Skin Barrier Performance; 4.11 Barrier Performance in Cosmetically Treated Skin; 4.11.1 Insect Repellents; 4.11.2 Chemical Depilatories; 4.11.3 Peeling Agents; 4.11.4 Other Cosmetic Products; 4.12 Compromised Barrier Performance; 4.12.1 Intrinsic Barrier Defects; 4.12.2 Thermally Damaged Skin and Its Manipulation.

Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers in a mini-series format comprising five volumes, represents the most comprehensive reference on enhancement methods - both well established and recently introduced - in the field of dermal/transdermal drug delivery. In detail the broad range of both chemical and physical methods used to enhance the skin delivery of drugs is described. All aspects of drug delivery and measurement of penetration are covered, and the latest findings are provided on skin structure and function, mathematics in skin permeation, and modern analytical techniques adapted to assess and measure penetration. In offering a detailed description of the methods currently in use for penetration enhancement, this book will be of value for researchers, pharmaceutical scientists, practitioners, students and dermatological scientists or dermatologists.