Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Sonophoresis in Penetration Enhancement; 1: Sonophoresis: Ultrasound- Mediated Transdermal Drug Delivery; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Ultrasound and Sonophoresis; 1.3 Low-Frequency Sonophoresis; 1.4 Low-Frequency Sonophoresis: Choice of Parameters; 1.5 Mechanism of Low-ƯFrequency Sonophoresis; 1.6 Permeation Pathways of Low-Frequency Sonophoresis; 1.7 Macromolecular Delivery; 1.7.1 Peptides and Proteins; 1.7.2 Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin; 1.7.3 Oligonucleotides; 1.7.4 Vaccines; 1.8 Clinical Studies.

1.9 Transdermal Extraction of Analytes Using Sonophoresis1.10 Safety of Low-Frequency Ultrasound; References; 2: The Mechanism of Sonophoresis and the Penetration Pathways; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Mechanism of Sonophoresis; 2.2.1 Thermal Effect; 2.2.2 Cavitation Effect; 2.2.2.1 Stable Cavitation; 2.2.2.2 Inertial Cavitation; 2.3 Penetration Pathways Induced by Sonophoresis; 2.3.1 Pathways Through Hair Follicles; 2.3.2 Penetration Pathways Through the Stratum Corneum; 2.3.3 Transcellular Pathways.

2.4 Synergistic Effect of Low-ƯFrequency Sonophoresis and Other Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery2.5 Factors Affecting Drug Delivery by Low-Frequency Sonophoresis; 2.6 Therapeutic Application of Sonophoresis; 2.6.1 Noninvasive Transdermal Monitoring; 2.6.2 Sonophoresis in Transcutaneous Immunization and Gene Therapy; 2.6.3 Safety Issues and Commercial Devices; References; 3: Therapeutic Applications of Sonophoresis and Sonophoretic Devices; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Ultrasound; 3.3 Advantages and Drawbacks of Sonophoresis; 3.4 Therapeutic Applications of ULS; 3.4.1 Drug Release.

3.4.1.1 Topical/Transdermal Drug Release3.4.1.2 Ocular Drug Delivery; 3.4.1.3 Nail Delivery; 3.4.2 Gene Delivery; 3.5 Sonophoretic Devices; 3.5.1 Sonophoretic Systems Available in the Market; 3.5.1.1 Patch-Cap, U-Strip, U-Wand, and A-Wand Systems; Sonoderm Technology; SonoLysis; SonoPrep® Skin Permeation System; 3.5.2 Combination of Sonophoretic Systems with Other Enhancing Technologies; 3.5.2.1 ULS and Chemical Penetration Enhancers; 3.5.2.2 ULS and Iontophoresis; 3.5.2.3 ULS and Microneedles; 3.5.2.4 ULS and Nanocarriers; References.

Part II: Iontophoresis in Penetration Enhancement4: Iontophoresis: Basic Principles; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Chronology: From First Reports to Recent Discoveries; 4.3 Application Sites Other than the Skin; References; 5: Iontophoretic Transport Mechanisms and Factors Affecting Electrically Assisted Delivery; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Factors Influencing Electrically Assisted Drug Delivery; 5.2.1 Current Density; 5.2.2 Formulation; 5.2.2.1 Drug Concentration; 5.2.2.2 pH; 5.2.3 Delivery System; References; 6: Iontophoresis for Therapeutic Drug Delivery and Non-invasive Sampling Applications.

Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers in a mini-series format comprising five volumes, represents the most comprehensive reference on enhancement methods - both well established and recently introduced - in the field of dermal/transdermal drug delivery. In detail the broad range of both chemical and physical methods used to enhance the skin delivery of drugs is described. All aspects of drug delivery and measurement of penetration are covered, and the latest findings are provided on skin structure and function, mathematics in skin permeation, and modern analytical techniques adapted to assess and measure penetration. In offering a detailed description of the methods currently in use for penetration enhancement, this book will be of value for researchers, pharmaceutical scientists, practitioners, and also students.