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Preface; Acknowledgement; Contents; Editor and Contributors; 1: The Evolution of Birds with Implications from New Fossil Evidences; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Biodiversity of Mesozoic Birds; 1.2.1 Archaeopteryx: The Oldest and Most Primitive Bird; 1.2.2 Jeholornithiformes: The Other Long-Tailed Birds; 1.2.3 The Origin of Short-Tailed Birds; 1.2.4 Chongmingia zhengi: An Enigmatic Basal Bird; 1.2.5 Enantiornithes: The Dominating Mesozoic Avian Group; 1.2.6 Ornithuromorpha: A Clade That Gives Rise to All Living Birds; 1.3 The Radiation of Crown Birds After the K-Pg Mass Extinction.

1.4 The Origin of Avian Flight1.4.1 The Ground-Up Theory; 1.4.2 The Wing-Assisted Incline Running Theory (WAIR); 1.4.3 The Tree-Down (or Arboreal) Theory; 1.5 Insights About Respiratory System of Mesozoic Birds; 1.6 Conclusion; References; 2: The Avian Lingual and Laryngeal Apparatus Within theContext of the Head and Jaw Apparatus, withComparisons to the Mammalian ... ; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 General Aspects of the Mammalian Head; 2.3 General Aspects of the Avian Head; 2.4 The Jaw Apparatus of Birds: Components and Movements of the Upper Jaw Apparatus.

2.4.1 The Uncoupled Jaw Movements of Parrots and Cockatoos2.4.2 The Coupled Jaw Movements and Postorbital Ligament of Most Birds; 2.4.3 Lateral Mobility of the Avian Mandible; 2.5 The Lingual Apparatus of Birds; 2.5.1 The Hyoid Skeleton; 2.5.2 The Hyoid Suspension Apparatus and Hyoid Sheaths; 2.5.2.1 Movements of the Hyoid Skeleton in a Tight or Relaxed Hyoid Suspension; 2.5.2.2 Movements of the Hyoid Skeleton in a Loose Hyoid Suspension; 2.5.3 Movements of the Lingual Body and Lingual Tip; 2.6 The Laryngeal Apparatus of Birds; 2.6.1 Kinetic Larynges.

2.6.1.1 A Complex Kinetic Larynx with Complex Extrinsic Muscles: Parrots2.6.1.2 A Complex Kinetic Larynx with Simple Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles: Passerine Birds; 2.6.2 Akinetic Larynges; 2.7 Integrated Biological Roles of the Avian Jaw, Lingual and Laryngeal Apparatus; 2.7.1 Coordination of the Jaw and Lingual Apparatus: Evaporative Cooling Mechanisms; 2.7.1.1 Gular Fluttering; 2.7.1.2 Columbiform Gular Fluttering with Esophageal Pulsation; 2.7.1.3 Panting without Gular Fluttering; 2.7.2 Coordination of the Jaw and Lingual Apparatus: Intraoral Food Processing.

2.7.2.1 Seed-Shelling Behavior of Parrots and Cockatoos2.7.2.2 Seed-Shelling Behavior of Granivorous Passerine Birds; 2.7.3 Coordination of the Jaw, Lingual, and Laryngeal Apparatus: Feeding and Drinking Mechanisms; 2.7.3.1 Lingual Feeding Mechanisms; 2.7.3.2 Cranial-Inertial Feeding Mechanisms; 2.7.3.3 Specialized Feeding Mechanisms; 2.7.3.4 Drinking Mechanisms; 2.7.4 Coordination of the Jaw, Lingual, and Laryngotracheal Apparatus:Respiration and Vocalization; 2.7.4.1 Vocalization Mechanisms of Parrots; 2.7.4.2 Vocalization Mechanisms of Songbirds; 2.7.4.3 Vocalization Mechanisms of Chickens.

The central focus of this book is the avian respiratory system. The authors explain why the respiratory system of modern birds is built the way it is and works the way that it does. Birds have been and continue to attract particular interest to biologists. The more birds are studied, the more it is appreciated that the existence of human-kind on earth very much depends directly and indirectly on the existence of birds. Regarding the avian respiratory system, published works are scattered in biological journals of fields like physiology, behavior, anatomy/morphology and ecology while others appear in as far afield as paleontology and geology. The contributors to this book are world-renowned experts in their various fields of study. Special attention is given to the evolution, the structure, the function and the development of the lung-air sac system. Readers will not only discover the origin of birds but will also learn how the respiratory system of theropod dinosaurs worked and may have transformed into the avian one. In addition, the work explores such aspects as swallowing mechanism in birds, the adaptations that have evolved for flight at extreme altitude and gas exchange in eggs. It is a highly informative and carefully presented work that provides cutting edge scientific insights for readers with an interest in the respiratory biology and the evolution of birds.

Online resource; title from PDF title page (SpringerLink, viewed May 8, 2017).