SpringerLink Springer Biomedical and Life Sciences eBooks 2017 English+International

Preface; Contents; About the Editor; Chapter 1: Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: An€Overview; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Fungal Association with€Plants; 1.3 Mechanism Action of€Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi; 1.4 Interaction with€Other Soil Microbes; 1.5 Enhancing Crop Production and€Inducing Stress Tolerance; 1.6 Conclusion and€Future Prospects; References; Chapter 2: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and€Tolerance of€Drought Stress in€Plants; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Effects of€Drought Stress on€Mycorrhizal Development; 2.3 AM Effects on€Plant Growth and€Transplanted Survival Under€Drought Stress.

2.3.1 Plant Growth2.3.2 Plant Survival at Transplanting; 2.4 Potential Mechanisms Regarding€AMF-Enhanced Drought Tolerance in€Plants; 2.4.1 Morphological Adaptation; 2.4.2 Water Uptake Directly by€Mycorrhizal Extraradical Hyphae; 2.4.3 Physiological Mechanisms in€Nutrient Uptake; 2.4.4 Biochemical Mechanisms Regarding€Hormones, Osmotic Adjustment, and€Antioxidant Systems; 2.4.5 Improvement of€Soil Structure by€AMF-Released Glomalin-Related Soil Protein; 2.4.6 Molecule Mechanisms; 2.5 Future Perspectives; References.

4.6.4 Regulation of€Photosynthesis Process4.6.5 Maintenance of€Osmotic Homeostasis; 4.6.6 Mitigation of€Oxidative Damage/Stress; 4.6.7 Control Over Ultrastructural Changes; 4.6.8 Molecular Approaches for€Mitigating Salinity Stress; 4.7 Concluding Remarks and€Future Perspective; References; Chapter 5: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and€Adaption of€P Stress in€Plants; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Phosphate Stress Sensing; 5.3 Signaling Molecular of€Phosphate Stress; 5.3.1 P; 5.3.2 Ca; 5.3.3 ROS; 5.3.4 miRNA; 5.3.5 Plant Hormones; 5.3.6 Sugar.

Chapter 3: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and€Tolerance of€Waterlogging Stress in€Plants3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Occurrence of€AMF with€Aquatic and€Wetland Plants; 3.2.1 Mangrove; 3.2.2 Salt Marsh; 3.2.3 River, Riparian, and€Floodplain; 3.2.4 Lake and€Stream; 3.2.5 Other Wetlands; 3.3 Mechanisms About AMF Adaptation to€Waterlogging; 3.4 Factors Influencing Colonization, Abundance, Richness, and€Diversity of€AMF; 3.5 The Role of€AMF on€Waterlogging; 3.5.1 Improving Nutrient Uptake; 3.5.2 Enhancing the€Growth and€Biomass of€Plants; 3.5.3 Repairing Physio-biochemical Activities; References.

Chapter 4: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and€Tolerance of€Salt Stress in€Plants4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Soil Salinity; 4.3 Statistics of€Salt-Affected Areas; 4.4 Genesis of€Soil Salinity; 4.4.1 Natural Factors Contributing to€Soil Salinity; 4.4.2 Man-Made Factors Contributing to€Soil Salinity; 4.5 Strategies to€Overcome the€Problem of€Salinity; 4.6 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in€Alleviation of€Salinity Stress; 4.6.1 Improved Growth and€Nutritional Balance; 4.6.2 Maintenance of€Water Homeostasis; 4.6.3 Maintenance of€Ion Homeostasis and€Mitigation of€Deleterious Effect of€Ion Toxicity.

This book reviews the potential mechanisms in arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs), in the hope that this can help arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to be more used efficiently as a biostimulant to enhance stress tolerance in the host plants. AMF, as well as plants, are often exposed to all or many of the abiotic and biotic stresses, including extreme temperatures, pH, drought, water-logging, toxic metals and soil pathogens. Studies have indicated a quick response to these stresses involving several mechanisms, such as root morphological modification, reactive oxygen species change, osmotic adjustment, direct absorption of water by extraradical hyphae, up-regulated expression of relevant stressed genes, glomalin-related soil protein release, etc. The underlying complex, multi-dimensional strategy is involved in morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. The AMF responses are often associated with homeostatic regulation of the internal and external environment, and are therefore critical for plant health, survival and restoration in native ecosystems and good soil structure.