Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1: The History of Testosterone and The Testes: From Antiquity to Modern Times; "The Oldest Key to the Endocrine Treasure Trove: The Testicles"; Effects of Testis Removal; Lessons from Experimental Testis Transplantation; Erroneous Conclusions from Berthold's Experiments; Testes for Organotherapy; Isolation and Synthesis of Testosterone; Evolution of Testosterone Preparations for Clinical Use; References; 2: Androgen Receptor in Health and Disease; Androgenic Hormones; Biosynthesis of Testosterone and 5[alpha]-Dihydrotestosterone ; Serum Testosterone.

Early AR-Dependent Events in Prostate Carcinogenesis Role of AR in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer; AR and Breast Cancer; AR and Bone Health; Development of ARKO Mice; Specific Conditional Knock-Out of AR in the Testes; Sertoli Cell Specific ARKO Models; Leydig Cell-Specific ARKO Male Mice; Peritubular Myoid (PTM) Cell-Specific ARKO Mice; Germ Cell-Specific ARKO Male Mice; Function of AR in the Prostate and Accessory Glands; AR Functions in Prostatic Stroma; AR Functions in Prostatic Epithelium; AR Functions in Seminal Vesicles (SV); AR Functions in the Epididymis.

Enzymatic Defects in Testosterone Synthesis17[beta]-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type III Deficiency; 46,XY DSD with Normal or High Testosterone Secretion; Defects in the Conversion of Testosterone in Dihydrotestosterone: 5 Alpha Reductase 2 Deficiency; Defects in Testosterone Action: Androgen Receptor Defects; Management of Patients with 46,XY DSD; Hormonal Therapy in Patients With DSD with Male Social Sex; Surgical Procedures in Patients With DSD with Male Social Sex; References; 4: Utility and Limitations in Measuring Testosterone; Introduction.

Function of AR in Testicular Descent Functions of AR in Females; AR and Breast Development; AR and Uterus; AR and PCOS; References; 3: Physiology of Male Gonadotropic Axis and Disorders of Sex Development; Introduction; Control of Male Gonadotropic Axis Function; GnRH Secretion; LH Secretion; FSH Secretion; 46,XY Disorders of Sex Development; 46,XY DSD due to Low Testosterone Secretion; Defects in Formation of the Testes; 46,XY Gonadal Dysgenesis; Defects of Testosterone Production; LH/hCG Insensibility: Leydig Cell Hypoplasia; 46,XY DSD Due to Cholesterol Synthesis Defects.

T and DHT Interact with AR in the Target Cell Two Ligands and One Receptor; Importance of Estrogens in the Male; The Androgen Receptor (AR); Background; Functional Domains of AR; DNA-Binding Domain (DBD) (Residues 555-623); Ligand Binding Domain (LBD, Residues 666-919); Hinge Region (Residues 624-665); AR Nuclear Export; Amino-Terminal Domain (NTD) (Residues 1-556); Receptor Dimerization; Coregulatory Proteins; AR in Clinical Medicine; AR PolyQ Repeat; Androgen Insensitivity Syndromes (AIS); AR and the Prostate; Prostate Embryogenesis.

Research on testosterone is increasing in many senses; however there is still much controversy regarding its physiology and clinical use. This book addresses these topics, providing a broad over­view about testosterone, from its basic fea­tures to the most recent evidence of clin­ical applicability. Also, specific conditions in which testosterone play a pivotal role are discussed in detail, such as hypogonadism, misuse and abuse, puberty, cardiovascular effects and testosterone therapy. Although not essential for survival, testosterone represents the essence of male biological function, being the important testicular androgen in men. Low serum testosterone levels are asso­ciated with cardiovascular morbidity, meta­bolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and mortality. Conversely, increased serum levels of testosterone may lead to deleteri­ous events. In general, there is increasing evidence that serum testosterone is a major biomarker status of meńℓℓs health in general. Testosterone: From Basic to Clinical Aspects is an indispensable reference for all those who seek state-of-the-art knowledge regarding this hormone, from basic issues (including pharma­cology and physiology) through clinical aspects (related diseases and supplementation ther­apy).