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Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Contributors; 1 Introduction; Abstract; 1.1 Microbial Ecology; 1.2 Extreme Environments Are "The Norm"; 1.3 "Extremozymes" and Their Biotechnological Interests; 1.4 Conclusions; References; 2 Ecogenomics of Deep-Ocean Microbial Bathytypes; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 The Culturable Community; 2.3 Insights from Deep Ecotypes; 2.3.1 Bacteria: Alphaproteobacteria: SAR11; 2.3.2 Gammaproteobacteria: Alteromonadales: Alteromonas; 2.3.3 Gammaproteobacteria: Alteromonadales: Pseudoalteromonas; 2.3.4 Gammaproteobacteria: Alteromonadales: Shewanella.

2.3.5 Gammaproteobacteria: Mixed Orders (Oceanospirillales and Alteromonadales): Oceanospirillales and Colwellia2.3.6 Gammaproteobacteria: Vibrionales: Photobacterium; 2.3.7 Gammaproteobacteria: Vibrionales: Vibrio; 2.3.8 Deltaproteobacteria: Desulfovibrio; 2.3.9 Firmicutes: Carnobacterium; 2.3.10 Archaea: Marine Group I Thaumarchaea; 2.4 What Do These Deep-Sea Microbial Communities Actually Look like?; 2.5 What Is the Effect of Decompression?; 2.6 How Do Bathytype Features Compare with Results from Culture-Independent Metagenome Analyses?; 2.7 Conclusions and Future Directions.

Abstract5.1 Yellowstone National Park; 5.1.1 Iceland; 5.1.2 Kamchatka Peninsula; 5.1.3 Furnas Valley, Azores; 5.1.4 Malaysian Sungai Klah; 5.1.5 Tengchong, China; 5.1.6 Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand; 5.1.7 Phlegraean Fields, Italy; 5.1.8 Metagenomics of Hydrothermal Sites to Access to Novel Enzymes for Biotechnology; Acknowledgements; References; 6 Crenarchaeal Viruses of Hot Springs: Diversity, Ecology and Co-evolution; Abstract; 6.1 Introduction to Hot Spring Environments; 6.2 Crenarchaeal Virus Isolates; 6.2.1 Ampullaviridae; 6.2.2 Spindle-Shaped Viruses; 6.2.2.1 Bicaudaviridae.

AcknowledgementsReferences; 3 Adaptations of Cold- and Pressure-Loving Bacteria to the Deep-Sea Environment: Cell Envelope and Flagella; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Effect of High Pressure and Low Temperature on the Membranes of Psychropiezophiles; 3.2.1 Phospholipids; 3.2.2 Lipopolysaccharide; 3.2.3 Membrane Proteins; 3.2.3.1 Outer Membrane Porins; 3.2.3.2 Regulation by ToxR; 3.2.3.3 Membrane Transport; 3.2.3.4 Other Membrane Proteins; 3.2.3.5 Respiratory Chain; 3.3 The Role of Flagella in High Pressure- and Low Temperature-Adapted Growth of Deep-Sea Bacteria; 3.4 Conclusions.

This book explores microbial lifestyles, biochemical adaptations, and trophic interactions occurring in extreme environments. By summarizing the latest findings in the field it provides a valuable reference for future studies. Spark ideas for biotechnological and commercial exploitation of microbiomes at the extremes of life are presented. Chapters on viruses complement this highly informative book. In a vertical journey through the microbial biosphere it covers aspects of cold environments, hot environments, extreme saline environments, and extreme pressure environments, and more. From the deep sea, through polar deserts, up to the clouds in the air - the diversity of microbial life in all habitats is described, explored, and comprehensively reviewed. Possible biotechnical applications are discussed. This book aims to provide a useful reference for those who want to start a research program in extreme microbiology and, hopefully, inspire new research directions.