SpringerLink

Incluye referencias bibliográficas e índice

Preface; Contents; Chapter 1: Evolution of the Baltic Sea; 1.1 Development of the Baltic Sea After the Last Ice Age; 1.2 Formation of Biota in the Baltic Sea; References; Chapter 2: Abiotic Conditions in the Contemporary Baltic Sea; 2.1 Water Balance; 2.2 Water Salinity; 2.2.1 The Role of Currents; 2.2.2 Vertical Mixing of Water Layers; 2.3 Water Temperature; 2.4 Oxygen Conditions; 2.5 Light Conditions; 2.6 Natural Regional System of the Baltic Sea; 2.6.1 Macro-regions; 2.6.2 Regions and Subregions; References; Chapter 3: Life in the Baltic Sea.

3.1 Salinity-Induced Ecophysiological Problems of Organisms in the Baltic Sea3.2 Multitude of Ecosystems; 3.3 Living Organisms; 3.4 Vegetation and Primary Production; 3.5 Bottom Vegetation; 3.6 Heterotrophic Microorganisms; 3.7 Zooplankton; 3.8 Zoobenthos; 3.9 Fish; 3.9.1 Marine Pelagic Fish; 3.9.1.1 Baltic Herring Clupea harengus membras L.; 3.9.1.2 Spring Spawning Herring Clupea harengus membras L.; 3.9.1.3 Autumn Spawning Herring Clupea harengus membras L.; 3.9.1.4 Baltic Sprat Sprattus sprattus balticus (Schn.); 3.9.2 Marine Demersal Fish; 3.9.2.1 Baltic Cod Gadus morhua callarias (L.).

3.9.2.2 Flounder Platichthys flesus trachurus (Duncker)3.9.2.3 Plaice Pleuronectes platessa L.; 3.9.2.4 Dab Limanda limanda (L.); 3.9.2.5 Turbot Psetta maxima (L.); 3.9.3 Diadromous Fish; 3.9.3.1 Salmon Salmo salar L.; 3.9.3.2 Sea Trout Salmo trutta L.; 3.9.3.3 European Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) s. l.; 3.9.3.4 Vendace Coregonus albula (L.); 3.9.3.5 Eel Anguilla anguilla (L.); 3.9.3.6 Garfish Belone belone (L.); 3.9.3.7 River Lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (L.); 3.9.4 Freshwater Fish; 3.9.4.1 Perch Perca fluviatilis L.; 3.9.4.2 Pikeperch Sander lucioperca (L).

3.9.4.3 Pike Esox lucius L.3.9.5 Relict Fish Species; 3.9.5.1 Smelt Osmerus eperlanus eperlanus (L.); 3.9.5.2 Eelpout Zoarces viviparus (L.); 3.9.5.3 Lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus L.; 3.9.5.4 Fourhorned Sculpin Triglopsis quadricornis (L.); 3.10 Marine Birds; 3.11 Marine Mammals; References; Chapter 4: Recent Dynamics of the Environment and Biota; 4.1 Changes in the Environment and Biota Induced by Natural Conditions; 4.1.1 Salinity; 4.1.2 Temperature; 4.1.3 Interactions of Fish Species; 4.2 Changes Caused by Anthropogenic Impacts; 4.2.1 Eutrophication; 4.2.2 Toxic Pollution.

4.2.3 Influences Related to the Storage of Dangerous Substances4.2.4 Other Impacts of Human Activity; 4.3 Immigration into the Contemporary Baltic Sea; References; Chapter 5: Assessment and Management of Ecosystems and Living Resources in the Baltic Sea; 5.1 Composition and Exploitation of Living Resources in the Baltic Sea; 5.2 Main Goals of the Management of Ecosystems and Living Resources; 5.3 Basic Principles in the Assessment and Management of Ecosystems and Living Resources; 5.3.1 Assessments and Management Recommendations; 5.4 Assessment of Existing Fish Resources of the Baltic Sea.

This volume presents a reconstruction of the formation of the environmental conditions and biota in the present-day Baltic Sea area during the last glacial cycle and thereafter under the influence of extra-terrestrial, climatic and geological factors. Abiotic conditions in the contemporary Baltic Sea (water salinity, temperature, oxygen and light conditions, currents and other water movements) are characterized and in this background the natural regional system of the sea has been generated. Important issues are considered such as life forms in the Baltic and their dependence on the natural environment (both in the conditions of the relative stable environment and during the regime shifts), as well as anthropogenic influences and the basic differences between the areas of the World Ocean and the brackish Baltic Sea. This book also equips readers with basic principles of assessments and management of ecosystems and fish resources (including the long-term assessment and forecast on ecosystems and fish resources) and provides information on the structures of international collaboration developed in the Baltic Sea.