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SpringerLink Springer Engineering eBooks 2017 English+International

Preface; Contents; Editors and Contributors; 1 Introduction; References; 2 Historical Overview of Solid-State Non-Volatile Memories; 1 The Story; References; 3 Physics and Technology of Emerging Non-Volatile Memories; 1 Challenges in Floating-Gate Memory Scaling; 2 The Future of the Floating-Gate Concept; 2.1 System-Level Management Techniques; 2.2 Dielectric-Materials Engineering; 2.3 Novel Flash Architectures; 3 Alternative Storage Concepts; 3.1 Ferroelectric Memories; 3.2 Magneto-Resistive Memories; 3.3 Phase-Change Memories; 3.4 Resistive RAM.

1 The Role of ECC for Mainstream and Emerging Memory2 Basics of Error Correcting Codes; 2.1 Linear Block Codes-Basic Facts; 2.2 Linear Block Codes Matrix Description; 2.3 Error Correction Performance of Linear Block Codes; 2.4 Code Modifications; 2.5 Technology-Independent Estimates; 3 Interesting Codes; 3.1 Single-Parity-Check Codes; 3.1.1 Definition; 3.1.2 Implementation; 3.2 Hamming Codes; 3.2.1 Definition; 3.2.2 Decoding; 3.2.3 Fully Parallel Implementation; 3.3 BCH Codes; 3.3.1 Primer on Finite Fields; 3.3.2 Definition; 3.3.3 Decoding; 3.3.4 Implementation of BM Decoding.

1 Why Algorithms to Write and Erase Non-volatile Memories?2 Introduction to Flash Algorithms; 3 Write Algorithms for PCMs; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Bi-level Programming; 3.3 Multi-level Programming; 4 Phase Distribution in ML Programming; 4.1 Drift Dependence on Programmed Resistance; 4.2 Temperature Dependence on Programmed Resistance; 5 Write Algorithms for ReRAMs; 5.1 ReRAM Technology Overview; 5.2 ReRAM Cell Configuration; 5.3 The Stochastic Variability Problem in ReRAM; 5.4 ReRAM Program Algorithm, an ISPP Implementation; Acknowledgements; References; 8 Error Management.

4 Ferroelectric Memory Architecture5 Cross-Point Array; 6 Write Circuits; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Writing PCM Memories; 6.3 Writing ReRAM (Bipolar) and STT-MRAM; 7 Redundancy; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Redundancy Schematic; References; 6 Data Sensing in Emerging NVMs; 1 Introduction; 2 Sensing Concept in Flash and DRAM Memory; 3 The Concept of Read Window; 3.1 Sensing Resistance Variations in Memory Cells; 4 Sensing in STT-MRAM; 5 Sensing in Ferroelectric Memories; References; 7 Algorithms to Survive: Programming Operation in Non-Volatile Memories.

4 Scaling Path and Issues in Various Emerging ArchitecturesReferences; 4 Performance Demands for Future NVM; 1 Introduction; 2 Evolution of NAND; 3 Exploiting the 3rd Dimension: 3D NAND; 4 Breakthrough Approach: Emerging Memories; 4.1 Phase Change Memories (PCM); 4.2 Resistive RAMs (ReRAM); 4.3 The Challenge of Dram Replacement: STT-RAM and FeRAM; 4.4 Ferroelectric Memories (FeRAM); 4.5 Final Considerations; References; 5 Array Organization in Emerging Memories; 1 Introduction; 2 PCM and Array Organization for Unipolar Operation; 3 Bipolar-Operation Array Organization.

This book provides students and practicing chip designers with an easy-to-follow yet thorough, introductory treatment of the most promising emerging memories under development in the industry. Focusing on the chip designer rather than the end user, this book offers expanded, up-to-date coverage of emerging memories circuit design. After an introduction on the old solid-state memories and the fundamental limitations soon to be encountered, the working principle and main technology issues of each of the considered technologies (PCRAM, MRAM, FeRAM, ReRAM) are reviewed and a range of topics related to design is explored: the array organization, sensing and writing circuitry, programming algorithms and error correction techniques are reviewed comparing the approach followed and the constraints for each of the technologies considered. Finally the issue of radiation effects on memory devices has been briefly treated. Additionally some considerations are entertained about how emerging memories can find a place in the new memory paradigm required by future electronic systems. This book is an up-to-date and comprehensive introduction for students in courses on memory circuit design or advanced digital courses in VLSI or CMOS circuit design. It also serves as an essential, one-stop resource for academics, researchers and practicing engineers.