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Foreword; Preface; Contents; List of Contributors; Part 1: Nanoscience and Nanomaterials; Chapter 1: An Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Importance of Nanoscale; 1.3 Historical Advances in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; 1.4 Some Key Inventions and Discoveries; 1.4.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscope; 1.4.2 Atomic Force Microscope; 1.4.3 Diamondoid Molecules (a.k.a. Nanodiamonds); 1.5 Nano Allotropes of Carbon; 1.5.1 Fullerene (a.k.a. Buckyballs); 1.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes; 1.5.3 Graphene; 1.6 Metallic and Oxide Molecular Building Blocks of Nanotechnology.

1.7 Biological Molecular Building Blocks of Nanotechnology; 1.8 Conclusions and General Discussion; References; Chapter 2: Biosynthesis of Metal and Semiconductor Nanoparticles, Scale-Up, and Their Applications; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Biological Synthesis of Nanomaterials; 2.2.1 Nanomaterial Biosynthesis by Bacteria; 2.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles; 2.2.3 Silver Nanoparticles; 2.2.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles; 2.2.5 Other Nanomaterials; 2.3 Nanomaterial Biosynthesis by Fungi; 2.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles; 2.3.2 Silver Nanoparticles; 2.4 Nanomaterial Biosynthesis by Yeasts.

2.11 The Synthesis Location of Biogenic Nanomaterials; 2.11.1 Intracellular Biosynthesis; 2.11.2 Extracellular Biosynthesis; 2.12 Mechanisms and Involved Agents in Nanomaterial Biosynthesis; 2.12.1 Enzymes; 2.12.2 Proteins; 2.12.3 Carbohydrates; 2.12.4 Other Biological Agents; 2.13 Optimization of Nanomaterial Biosynthesis; 2.13.1 Concentration of Substrate (Initial Metal Solution); 2.13.2 Reaction Temperature; 2.13.3 pH of the Reaction Mixture; 2.13.4 Incubation Time of the Reaction Mixture; 2.14 Industrial Production of Nanomaterials; 2.15 Future Perspectives; References.

2.5 Nanomaterial Biosynthesis by Algae; 2.6 Nanomaterial Biosynthesis by Plants; 2.6.1 Gold Nanoparticles; 2.6.2 Silver Nanoparticles; 2.7 Semiconductor Biological Synthesis; 2.7.1 Semiconductor Biosynthesis by Bacteria; 2.7.2 Semiconductor Biosynthesis by Fungi; 2.7.3 Semiconductor Biosynthesis by Yeasts; 2.7.4 Semiconductor Biosynthesis by Algae; 2.8 Instruments for Nanomaterial Characterization; 2.9 Nanomaterial Applications; 2.9.1 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles; 2.9.1.1 Gold Nanoparticles; 2.9.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles; 2.9.1.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles; 2.10 Applications of Semiconductors.

Chapter 3: Nanomaterial and Nanoparticle: Origin and Activity; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Nanoparticle Classification; 3.3 Natural Nanoparticles; 3.3.1 Nanoparticles from Wind Erosion and Dust Storms; 3.3.2 Nanoparticles from Volcanic Activity; 3.3.3 Nanoparticle Weathering; 3.3.4 Biogenic Nanoparticles: From Bacteria; 3.3.5 Biogenic Nanoparticles: From Plants; 3.4 Anthropogenic Nanoparticles; 3.4.1 Examples of Engineered Nanoparticles; 3.4.2 Pesticides and Fertilizers; 3.4.3 Water and Soil Remediation; 3.4.4 Incomplete Combustion; 3.4.5 Particles in the Environment and their Long Range Transport.

This book provides in-depth reviews of the effects of nanoparticles on the soil environment, their interactions with plants and also their potential applications as nanofertilizers and pesticides. It offers insights into the current trends and future prospects of nanotechnology, including the benefits and risks and the impact on agriculture and soil ecosystems. Individual chapters explore topics such as nanoparticle biosynthesis, engineered nanomaterials, the use of nanoclays for remediation of polluted sites, nanomaterials in water desalination, their effect on seed germination, plant growth, and nutrient transformations in soil, as well as the use of earthworms as bioremediating agents for nanoparticles. It is a valuable resource for researchers in academia and industry working in the field of agriculture, crop protection, plant sciences, applied microbiology, soil biology and environmental sciences.