Foreword; Preface; Series Editor Page; Part I: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Metabolism and Physiology; Part II: Food and Environmental Exposures to Nitrite; Part III: Nitrite and Nitrate in Therapeutics and Disease; Conclusions; About the Series Editors; About Volume Editors; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Metabolism and Physiology; Chapter 1: Introduction; Introduction; Two Redundant Pathways for Endogenous NO Synthesis; Salivary Nitrate Concentration and Reduction; Salivary Nitrite Reduction to NO.

Enterosalivary Circulation of Nitrate/Nitrite/NO Urinary Nitrate Excretion; Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: Nitrate-Reducing Oral Bacteria: Linking Oral and Systemic Health; Introduction; Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway; Nitrite-Based Signaling; Bacterial Nitrate Reduction; How to Determine the Presence or Absence of Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria; Restoring and Repopulation of Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria; Conclusion; References; Chapter 4: Epigenetics and the Regulation of Nitric Oxide; Introduction; Epigenetic Tags; DNA Methylation; Histone Modification; Histone Acetylation.

Histone MethylationHistone Lysine Methylation; Histone Arginine Methylation; Epigenetic Regulation of NOS Genes; NOS1 Regulation and Epigenetic Crosstalk; NOS2A Regulation and Epigenetic Crosstalk; NOS3 Regulation and Epigenetic Crosstalk; Overview of NO Regulation of HDAC; Overview of the Epigenetic Regulation of NO Production; Conclusion; References; Chapter 5: The Mitochondrion: A Physiological Target of Nitrite; Introduction; Mitochondrial Function: ATP Generation and Beyond; Nitrite Formation and Reduction; Nitrite Reduction by Mitochondria.

Mitochondria as a Physiological Target of Nitrite S-Nitrosation of Complex I to Attenuate Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury; Heme Nitrosylation of Complex IV: Conservation of Oxygen and Short-Term Hibernation; Nitrite-Dependent Regulation of Mitochondrial Ion Channels: Putative Targets in I/R; Downregulation of Adenine Nucleotide Translocase and Uncoupling Protein 3: Enhanced Exercise Efficiency; Nitrite Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Number; Nitrite Stimulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis; Nitrite Modulates Mitochondrial Dynamics to Mediate Preconditioning; Conclusions; References.

Safely Harnessing the Therapeutic Effects of Nitrite and Nitrate Conclusion; References; Chapter 2: From Atmospheric Nitrogen to Bioactive Nitrogen Oxides; Introduction; Nitrate, Agriculture, and Economics; Nitrogen Fixation; Microbial Dinitrogen Fixations; Haber-Bosch; Fossil Fuel Combustion; Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation by Lightning; Nitrate Assimilation in Plants and Bacteria; Nitrification; Denitrification; Dissimilatory Reduction of Nitrate to Ammonia; Anammox; Nitrogen Balance in Mammals; l-Arginine Nitric Oxide Synthase Pathway; Dietary Sources of Nitrate and Nitrite.

This fully revised and updated new edition provides a comprehensive look at nitrite and nitrate and their effect on human health and disease. The first section describes the biochemical analysis of nitrite and nitrate and its role in human physiology. The book then shifts to sources of human exposure of nitrite and nitrate, including environmental and dietary. Finally, the last section discusses nitric oxide-based therapeutics and how nitrite and nitrate biochemistry can be safely harnessed to improve human health. Each chapter provides a balanced, evidence-based view and heavily cites the most recent published literature. They follow a strict chapter format which includes keywords, key points, a conclusion highlighting major findings, and extensive references. The second edition contains new chapters on nitrite and nitrate in age medicine, nitrite and nitrate as a treatment for hypertension, and nitrite and nitrate in exercise performance. Additionally, the editors have expanded the biochemistry section to include chapters on nitrate reducing oral bacteria, nitrite mediated S-Nitrosation, epigenetics and the regulation of nitric oxide, and nitrite control of mitochondrial function. Nitrate and Nitrite in Human Health and Disease, 2e, will be of interest to health professionals, nutritionists, dieticians, biomedical scientists, and food scientists.