Foreword; Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Introduction; 1: What Is Keratoconus? A€New Approach to€a€Not So€Rare Disease; References; 2: Modern Pathogenesis of€Keratoconus: Genomics and€Proteomics; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Candidate-Driven Approach; 2.2.1 Candidate Gene Approach; 2.2.2 Syndromic Keratoconus; 2.2.3 Non-candidate-Driven Approach; 2.2.4 Linkage Analysis; 2.2.5 Genome-wide Association Studies; 2.2.6 Transcriptomics-Proteomics; 2.3 Conclusion; References; 3: Epidemiology of€Keratoconus; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Incidence and€Prevalence.

3.3 Environmental and€Genetic Factors: Separate or Synergistic?3.4 Ultraviolet Light Exposure; 3.5 Eye Rubbing and€Allergy; 3.6 Gender; 3.7 Age; 3.8 Associations with€Other Diseases; 3.8.1 Down Syndrome; 3.8.2 Leber's Congenital Amaurosis; 3.8.3 Connective Tissue Disorders; 3.9 Discussion; References; 4: Histopathology (from Keratoconus Pathology to Pathogenesis); 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Signs of€Keratoconus: Clinical vs. Pathological; 4.3 Structural Changes in€Keratoconus; 4.3.1 Bowman's Layer; 4.3.2 Stroma-Collagen Lamellae; 4.3.3 Descemet's Membrane.

4.3.4 Matrix Deposition and€Scar Formation4.4 Cellular Changes in€Keratoconus; 4.4.1 Epithelium; 4.4.2 Cellular Incursion into€Bowman's Layer; 4.4.3 Stroma; 4.4.4 Endothelium; 4.5 Keratoconic Changes in€Secreted Enzymatic Factors; 4.5.1 Matrix metalloproteinases; 4.5.2 Matrix metalloproteinases Tissue Inhibitors; 4.5.3 Cathepsins; 4.6 Recurrence of€Pathology; 4.7 A Role for€Inflammation in€Keratoconus; 4.7.1 Immunohistochemical Evidence of€Inflammation; 4.8 Pathology Informing Pathogenesis; References; 5: Keratoconus in€Children; 5.1 Treatment; References.

7: Analyzing Tomographic Corneal Elevation for€Detecting Ectasia7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Background; 7.3 How Elevation Is Displayed; 7.4 Enhanced Reference Surface; References; 8: Analyzing Tomographic Thickness for€Detecting Corneal Ectatic Diseases; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Tomographic Corneal Thickness Assessment; 8.3 The Corneal Thickness Spatial Profile (CSTP) and€the€Percentage Thickness Increase (PTI) Graphs; 8.4 The Ambrósio Relational Thickness Variables; 8.5 Single-Point Pachymetry vs. Tomography-Derived Pachymetric Variables for€Diagnosing Keratoconus.

Part II: Diagnostic Tools in Keratoconus6: Instrumentation for€Diagnosis of€Keratoconus; 6.1 Videokeratoscopes; 6.2 The Sagittal Curvature; 6.3 The Tangential Curvature; 6.4 The Height Maps; 6.5 Arc Step; 6.6 Optical Scanning Devices; 6.7 Corneal Thickness; 6.8 Scheimpflug Camera; 6.9 AS-OCT (Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography) [13]; 6.10 Brief Introduction to€Automated Systems for€Keratoconus Screening; 6.10.1 Objective Parameters for€Quantifying the€Ectasia; 6.11 Modern Hybrid Systems Based Assisted Learning; References.

As a degenerative disorder of the eye, keratoconus can cause substantial distortion of vision, with multiple images, streaking, and sensitivity to light all reported by patients. Keratoconus: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment updates ophthalmologists about the innovations that have occurred within the last decade, discussing the diagnostic imaging techniques that have been developed for keratoconus diagnosis, understanding of how examination techniques are related to the evolution of keratoconus, and how to indicate the different therapeutic tools that have been created for keratoconus over the last several years. Additionally, fundamentals for new diagnostic elements, based on the mathematical, physical and biomechanical data are analyzed in depth for a better understanding of the essential diagnostic steps for the clinician to guide patients towards the most adequate therapeutic tool in the case. Modern keratoplasty techniques, assisted by femtosecond lasers or other devices, are also covered and these techniques, along with the emerging conservative treatments, have added to more precise control of the evolution of the disease.