Foreword; Preface; Contributor Current and Past Positions: Association for Academic Surgery; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Introduction; Chapter 1: Why Be an Academic Surgeon? Impetus and Options for the Emerging Surgeon-Scientist; Academic Surgeons as Bridge-Tenders; The "Impact Factor" of the Academic Surgeon; Types of Surgical Research; Going Forward; Selected Reading; Chapter 2: Timeline for Promotion/Overview of an Academic Career; Introduction; Preparation Phase; Assistant Professor; Job Search; The First Three Years; Career Development Awards (CDAs).

Clinical Physiology and Phenotypic Mimicry Models Alternative Vertebrate Models; References; Chapter 7: Health Services Research; Introduction; Patient-Level Questions: Evaluating Disease Management; Overview; Intellectual Disciplines and Research Tools; Comparative Effectiveness Research; Patient-Centered Outcomes Research; Data Synthesis; The "Micro-system": Understanding and Optimizing the Local Provision of Care; Overview; Intellectual Disciplines and Research Tools; Disparities; Quality Measurement; Implementation Science; Patient Safety.

Contemplating a Mid-Career Move? Approaching Promotion; Associate Professor and Transition to Full Professor; Conclusion; Selected Reading; Part II: Research: From Conception to Publication; Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature, Developing a Hypothesis, Study Design; Introduction; Reviewing the Literature; Developing a Hypothesis; Study Design; Suggested Additional Reading; Chapter 4: Ethics in Surgical Research; Introduction; The Dual Loyalties of the Surgeon-Scientist; Human Subject Research; Informed Consent; Surgical Innovation and Surgical Research; Conflict of Interest.

Publication and Authorship Special Considerations Regarding Quality Improvement Initiatives; Special Considerations Regarding Basic Science Research in an Academic Environment; Conclusion; References; Chapter 5: Study Design and Analysis in Clinical Research; Study Design; Sources of Error in Medical Research; Inferential Statistics; Types of Variables; Descriptive Statistics and Comparison of Groups; Measures of Central Tendency; Measures of Spread; Comparison of Numeric Variables; Comparison of Categorical Values; Observational Studies and Analysis of Secondary Data.

The Advanced Statistical Methods for Observational Data Multivariable Analysis; Linear Regression Analysis; Logistic Regression Analysis; Time-to-Event Analysis; Advanced Methods for Controlling for Selection Bias; Multilevel Modeling (MLM); Propensity Score (PS) Analysis; Instrumental Variable (IV) Analysis; Difference-in-Difference Analysis; Observational Research Study Examples; Study Example 1; Study Example 2; Summary; Selected Reading; Chapter 6: Animal Models for Surgical Research; Murine; Transgenic Models; Xenograft Models; Non-cancer Models.

This book reinforces the curriculum of the AAS courses and also provides guidance to individual surgeons who have not had the opportunity to attend these courses. This is a valuable reference title for medical students and surgical residents.