Foreword; About the Editors; Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Introduction to Pediatric Rheumatology; 1: History of Pediatric Rheumatology; References; Further Reading; 2: Basic Immunology for the Pediatrician; Introduction; Innate Immune Response; Effector Cells and Molecules; Adaptive Immune Response; Intracellular Signaling in Immune Cells; Drugs Acting on the Immune System/Mechanisms; Biological Agents [11]; Newer Synthetic Small Molecule Drugs; References; 3: Genetics of Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases; Monogenic or Mendelian Disorders and Complex Traits

4: Human Joint Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology of Joints; Basic Concepts of Joints; Classification of Joints; Structural Components of Synovial Joint (Fig. 4.2); Nerve Supply to Joints; Other Structures Related to Joints; Concept of Synovio-entheseal Complexes; Changes in Joints with Aging; References; 5: Epidemiology of Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases; Introduction; Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis; Dilemmas with Epidemiological Studies of JIA; Diagnostic Difficulties with JIA; Differences in Case Ascertainment for JIA; Factors Emerging with Passage of Time Regarding JIA

Establishing the Genetic Basis of Rheumatic Diseases: Twin/Sibling Studies Dissecting the Genetic Basis of Complex Traits: Association and Linkage Studies; Candidate Gene Studies and Genome-Wide Studies; Statistical Considerations of Genomic Studies; Examples of Candidate Gene Studies in Pediatric Rheumatology; Associations with Rheumatic Diseases and Non-HLA Variants; Genome-Wide Studies in Pediatric Rheumatology; Genome-Wide Association Studies in Rheumatology; Immunochip; The Shared Genetics of Autoimmunity; Role of Whole-Exome Sequencing Studies; References

Racial Differences The Need for Improvement of the Classification System for JIA; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; Epidemiology of Other Pediatric Rheumatological Disorders; References; 6: Trial Design and Collaborative Work in Pediatric Rheumatology; Introduction; The Challenges Associated with Clinical Trials in Pediatric Rheumatology; Networking and Pediatric Legislation; Trial Design; The Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) with Placebo; The Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) with Active Comparator Design; The Double-Blind, Controlled, Randomized Withdrawal Design

Response to Treatment in Clinical Trials The Feasibility of JIA Clinical Trials; References; 7: Nonbiologic Drugs in Pediatric Rheumatology; Introduction; Basic Pharmacological Concepts; NSAIDs; Mechanism of Action; Pharmacology; General Principles of NSAID Therapy; Toxicity; Glucocorticoids; Physiological and Pharmacological Effects [1, 2]; Indications for Systemic Glucocorticoid Therapy; Adverse Effects; High-Dose Intravenous Glucocorticoid Therapy; Intra-articular Steroids; Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs); Methotrexate (MTX); Mechanism of Action [28, 29]