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Acknowledgment; Contents; Nomenclature; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 State of the Art; References; 3 Aim of the Study; 4 Integration of Physical and Computer Simulation; 4.1 Characteristics of the Integrated Modelling Concept; 4.2 Hybrid Analytical-Numerical Model of Mushy Steel Deformation; 4.2.1 Resistance Heating Model; 4.3 "One Decision Software"-The DEFFEM Package; 4.4 Summary; References; 5 Spatial Solutions Based on the Particle Method; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Method; 5.2.1 Fluid Model; 5.3 Test Cases to Validate the Solver

5.3.1 Free Particles Fall5.3.2 Structure Impact; 5.4 Summary; References; 6 Spatial Solutions Based on the Finite Element Method; 6.1 Thermal Model; 6.1.1 Discretization for Steady Heat Flow Cases; 6.1.2 Discretization for Transient Heat Flow Cases; 6.2 Solidification Model (FEM Approach); 6.3 Mechanical Model; 6.3.1 Spatial Solution; 6.3.1.1 Transformation of the Coordinate System and Integration; 6.3.1.2 Time Problem; 6.4 Solidification Model (CAFE Approach); References; 7 Physical Simulation of Steel Deformation in the Semi-solid State; 7.1 Material and Test Methodology

7.1.1 Samples and Tools7.1.2 The Determination of Characteristic Temperatures; 7.1.3 Thermal Process Map (TPM); 7.2 Preliminary Experimental Research of Steel Deformation in the Semi-solid State; 7.2.1 The Dependence of Steel Microstructure Parameters on the Cooling Rate During Solidification; 7.2.2 Steel Ductility Tests; 7.2.3 Macrostructure and Microstructure; 7.3 Summary; References; 8 Modelling Concept Based upon Axially Symmetrical Models; 8.1 Direct Simulation Using the Gleeble Thermo-Mechanical Simulator; 8.1.1 Testing the Temperature Distribution

8.1.2 Macrostructure and Microstructure8.2 Application of Tomography to the Spatial Analysis of the Melting Zone; 8.3 Numerical Modelling with the DEFFEM Simulation System; 8.3.1 Modelling of the Resistance Heating Process; 8.3.1.1 Example Results of Resistance Heating; 8.3.2 Modelling the Deformation Process; 8.3.2.1 Rheological Model; 8.3.2.2 The Numerical Identification Methodology (NIM) for the Low Temperature Range; 8.3.2.3 The Direct Identification Methodology (DIM) for the Extra-High Temperature Range

8.3.2.4 The Numerical Identification Methodology (NIM) for the Extra-High Temperature Range8.4 Summary; References; 9 Modelling Concept Based upon Three-Dimensional Models; 9.1 Modified Experimental Research Methodology; 9.2 Resistance Heating Model; 9.3 Modelling the Resistance Heating Process; 9.4 Deformation Process; 9.5 Microstructure; 9.6 Summary; References; 10 Summary and Future Work; Appendix A; Appendix B; Appendix C; Appendix D; Appendix E

This book addresses selected aspects of steel-deformation modelling, both at very high temperatures and under the conditions in which the liquid and the solid phases coexist. Steel-deformation modelling with its simultaneous solidification is particularly difficult due to its specificity and complexity. With regard to industrial applications and the development of new, integrated continuous casting and rolling processes, the issues related to modelling are becoming increasingly important. Since the numerous industrial tests that are necessary when traditional methods are used to design the process of continuous casting immediately followed by rolling are expensive, new modelling concepts have been sought. Comprehensive tests were applied to solve problems related to the deformation of steel with a semi-solid core. Physical tests using specialist laboratory instruments (Gleeble 3800thermo-mechanical simulator, NANOTOM 180 N computer tomography, Zwick Z250 testing equipment, 3D blue-light scanning systems), and advanced mathematical modelling (finite element method (FEM), SPH smoothed particle method, cellular automata method CA) were used. This book presents in detail a modelling concept for steel deformation in the semi-solid state based on an approach integrating physical and computer simulations with a full or partial information exchange between these areas. .