Part I-Introductory aspects in fetal procedures/Ethical aspects of fetal heart interventions -- Tools in fetal heart procedures -- Role of Multicenter Registries to Assess Outcomes of Fetal Interventions -- Role of Counseling in Fetal Congenital Heart Diseases -- Part II - Aortic valve disease/Fetal Anatomy: the aortic valve in the fetal aortic valve diseases -- Fetal aortic stenosis � natural history and echocardiographic evaluation -- Fetal Aortic Valvuloplasty (FAV) -- Fetal aortic valvuloplasty: state of art -- Part III - Pulmonary valve disease/Fetal anatomy: the pulmonary valve in the fetal pulmonary valve disease -- Fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty: Natural history and echocardiographic evaluation of Critical Pulmonary stenosis/ Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum -- Indications for fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty -- Center experience and step-by-step approach for fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty -- Pulmonary valvuloplasty: Fetal, neonatal and follow up outcomes -- Literature on fetal therapy after pulmonary valvuloplasty -- Future perspectives on fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty -- Part IV � Procedures on the interatrial septum/The embryology of the interatrial septum -- Fetal anatomy: the inter atrial septum in the fetus with congenital heart disease -- Literature on fetal therapy on interatrial septum -- Procedures on the Atrial Septum -- Part V - Fetal procedures: Other treatments and approaches/Perspectives On Fetal Pacing -- Alternative vascular access in fetus -- Part VII - Introductory aspects in hybrid procedures/Physician�s Perspective -- Parents� Perspective on the Hybrid Approach -- The Hybrid Catheterization Laboratory -- Part VIII - Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)/Hypoplastic left heart syndrome natural and surgical history -- The engineering perspective -- General principles of the hybrid approach in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome -- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: The Giessen approach - history, technique and results -- Hybrid Approach: The Columbus way -- The Brazilian Hybrid Approach for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome -- Canadian approach to hybrid HLHS.-Prolonged Right Ventricle To Left Ventricle Support (Hybrid Or Surgical) To Delay Decision Making In Borderline Left Ventricles -- The Anatomical or Functional Borderline Left Ventricle and Strategies for Staged Rehabilitation -- Part IX - Pulmonary Arteries/Pulmonary arteries: surgical point of view -- Exit Angiography -- Role of 3-Dimensional Rotational Angiography in Imaging the Pulmonary Arteries -- Hybrid Approach to Pulmonary Artery Stenosis -- Literature and Results -- Part X - Ventricular Septal Defect/Hybrid Closure of Muscular Ventricular Septal Defects: anatomy, clinical scenarios and techniques -- Hybrid Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect Closure: Literature And Results -- Perimembranous VSD -- Part XI - Other Hybrid Procedures/Hybrid Atrial Septal Defect Closure -- Treatment of RV Outflow Tract Dysfunction: New Valve Technologies -- Mitral Valve Replacement with Melody Valve Prosthesis -- A Hybrid Approach to Aortic Stent Implantation -- Other hybrid treatments: tetralogy of Fallot -- Other hybrid treatments: RV-to-PA hybrid conduit -- Hybrid VSD creation or enlargement.

This book is an ideal, up-to-date guide to the application of fetal interventions and hybrid procedures, in which the surgeon and the interventional cardiologist work together, for the treatment of congenital heart diseases at a very early stage when disease outcome may be altered. State of the art data and clear instruction are offered on techniques such as fetal pulmonary and aortic valve dilatation, fetal interatrial septum stenting, hybrid defect closure, hybrid stent implantation, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome therapy. Recognized experts describe the benefits of such early interventions, particularly evident in the case of valve disease, and explain how the hybrid strategy, by combining advantages and tools from each approach, can reduce invasiveness and risks and improve results. The book also looks ahead to the likely impact of new technologies, including nanotechnology, that will soon be available. Fetal and Hybrid Procedures in Congenital Heart Diseases will be a rich source of knowledge, step-by-step guidance, and practical tips and tricks for obstetricians/gynecologists, fetal cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists, interventional cardiologists, congenital cardiac surgeons, anesthesiologists, and intensivists.