Long-term Forest Service research studies are the source of ideas, tools and research methods that we now take for granted.These range from the effects of fire exclusion on forest and rangeland structure and composition through modern tree care and vegetation control. Innovative experimental designs, such as the use of paired watersheds to understand the effects of forest management on water quality and quantity, were developed on USDA Forest Service Experimental Forests and Ranges (EFRs). The stories of these and other innovations are told in this volume. ÂņRs are scientific treasures, providing secure, protected research sites where complex and diverse ecological processes are studied over the long term.This book offers several examples of the dynamic interactions among questions of public concern or policy, EFR research, and natural resource management practices and policies.Â{u03E6}ten, trends observed â€{u0BF2} expected -- in the early years of a research program are contradicted or confounded as the research record extends over decades.The EFRs are among the few areas in the US where such long-term research has been carried out by teams of scientists.Âèanges in societyâ€{u382E}eeds and values can also redirect research programs. Each chapter of this book reflects the interplay between the ecological results that emerge from a long-term research project and the social forces that influence questions asked and resources invested in ecological research. While these stories include summaries and syntheses of traditional research results, they offer a distinctly new perspective, a larger and more complete picture than that provided by a more typical 5-year study.They also provide examples of long-term research on EFRs that have provided answers for questions not even imagined at the time the study was installed.