In the general assembly of International Society for Arterial Chemoreception (ISAC) at the XIV Meeting of ISAC in Philadelphia (June, 1999) the membership decided that tentatively the XVI Meeting of the Society will be held in Japan. At the conclusion of the XV ISAC Meeting held in Lyon (France) in November 2002, Hisatake Kondo took of the torch as president of ISAC, and took the responsibility of organizing the XVI Meeting of the Society in Sendai (Japan). This book contains the Proceedings of XVI ISAC Meeting held at Miyagi Zao Royal Hotel in the suburb of Sendai, Japan, from May 9 to 12, 2005. Hisatake Kondo counted with a group of colleague co-organizers from different Japanese institutions, including Yoshiaki Hayashida from Osaka, Katsuaki Yoshizaki from Akita, Yoko Kameda from Kanagawa, Tatsumi Kusakabe from Tokyo, Yuji Owada from Sendai and Hiroyuki Sakagami also from Sendai. The Scientific Committee was formed by some ISAC members from abroad. Professors Helmut Acker (Germany), Carlos Eyzaguirre (USA), Salvatore Fidone (USA), Robert Fitzgerald (USA), Constancio Gonzalez (Spain), Sukhamay Lahiri (USA), Jean Marc Pequignot (France) and Patricio Zapata (Chile) helped with their advice to take decisions on specific aspects of the scientific programme. Recommendations given by Dr. Prem Kumar (UK), acting treasurer of ISAC, were invaluable to solve last minute contingencies.