1 Introduction -- 2 Surgical Risk Management -- 3 Decision Making Process for Interveners -- 4 Optimization of Interventions -- 5 The choice of intervention timing -- 6 Strategies of clinical decision making for improving prognosis.

With the advent of artificial intelligence and big data era, a new concept of clinical decision making for improving surgical outcomes was proposed, which emphasizes the optimal prognosis and best outcome for patients, makes full use of information technology such as artificial intelligence to reduce the uncertainty in the treatment process and the unevenness of the treatment level, and selects the most appropriate intervention means and intervention timing through objective evaluation. It will be helpful for surgeons to choose treatment options which will be effective to patients.