PART I GENERAL ISSUES. 1 Angiography: Radiation Exposure and Standard Projections -- 2 Catheters and Wires -- 3 Balloons -- 4 Stents -- 5 Hemodynamics -- PART II VASCULAR ACCESS. 6 The Usual Vascular Access -- 7 Unusual Access -- 8 Hemostasis -- 9 Access Complications and Management -- 10 Transseptal Access -- PART III FETAL PROCEDURES 11 Fetal Interventions -- PART IV STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURES: VALVE DILATATION- 12 Aortic Valvular Stenosis -- 13 Pulmonary Valvular Stenosis -- 14 Pulmonary Atresia and Intact Ventricular Septum -- 15 Percutaneous Transcatheter Balloon Mitral Commissurotomy -- PART V STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURES: VESSEL TREATMENT. 16 Pulmonary Artery Branches -- 17 Aortic Coarctation -- 18 Reopening of Peripheral and Central Arteries and Veins -- 19 PDA Stenting in Duct-Dependent Pulmonary Circulation -- 20 Patent Ductus Arteriosus Stenting in Duct-dependent Systemic Circulation -- PART VI STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURES: CLOSING OR CREATING A DEFECT. 21 Step-by-Step Closure of Atrial Septal Defects (ASDs) -- 22 Fontan Fenestration Closure -- 23 Ventricular Septal Defects -- 24 Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure -- 25 Catheter Closure of Coronary Artery Fistula -- 26 Vessel Embolization: Transcatheter Embolization of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations and Aortopulmonary Collateral Arteries -- 27 Closure of Residual Postsurgical Defects -- 28 ASD Closure in Special Situations: Elderly, PA-IVS -- 29 Creating an Interatrial Communication -- PART VII STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURES: VALVE IMPLANTATION. 30 Melody Valve Implantation in Pulmonary Position -- 31 SAPIEN Valve Implantation in the Pulmonary Position -- 32 Percutaneous Tricuspid Valve Implantation -- PART VIII STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURES: PRINCIPLES OF HYBRID APPROACH. 33 Hybrid Approach in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) -- 34 Hybrid Approach: Defect Closure -- 35 Hybrid Approach: Stent Implantation -- PART IX STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURES: MISCELLANEA. 36 Retrieval Techniques -- 37 Pericardiocentesis -- 38 Endomyocardial Biopsies -- 39 Evaluations Before Partial and Total Cavopulmonary Connections -- 40 Imaging and Treating Coronary Arteries in Children -- 41 Imaging and transcatheter treatments in PA-VSD-MAPCAs -- PART X ROLE OF SPECIFIC IMAGING TECHNIQUES. 42 Rotational angiography -- 43 Magnetic Resonance -- 44 Computed Tomography -- 45 Intracoronary echo -- 46 Intracardiac echo -- 47 3D Echo -- PART XI FUTURE DIRECTIONS. 48 Holography -- 49 Integrating imaging modalities.

This atlas depicts and describes catheter-based interventions across the entire pediatric age range, from fetal life through to early adulthood, with the aim of providing an illustrated step-by-step guide that will help the reader to master these techniques and apply them in everyday practice. Clear instruction is offered on a wide range of procedures, including vascular access, fetal interventions, valve dilatation, angioplasty, stent implantation, defect closure, defect creation, valve implantation, hybrid approaches, and miscellaneous other procedures. The atlas complements the previously published handbook, Cardiac Catheterization for Congenital Heart Disease, by presenting a wealth of photographs, images, and drawings selected or designed to facilitate the planning, performance, and evaluation of diagnostic and interventional procedures in the field of congenital heart disease. It will assist in the safe, efficient performance of these procedures, in decision making, andin the recognition and treatment of complications.