1. The Evolution from Lean to Obese State and the Influence of Modern Human Society -- 2. Neuropeptides Controlling Our Behavior -- 3. Transcriptional Regulation of Hypothalamic Energy Balance Genes -- 4. Brain Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress -- 5. The Cell Biology of Neuropeptide Hormones -- 6. Nutrient Sensors Regulating Peptides -- 7. Gatrointestinal Hormones Controlling Energy Homeostasis and Their Potential Role in Obesity -- 8. The Complexity of Adipose Tissue -- 9. Adipokines, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obesity -- 10. The Thyroid Hormone Axis: Its Roles in Body Weight Regulation, Obesity and Weight Loss -- 11. Obesity and Stress: The Melanocortin Connection -- 12. Obesity and the Growth Hormone Axis -- 13. Brain, Environment, Hormone-Based in of Appetite, Ingestive Behavior, and Body Weight.

This textbook presents for the first time a comprehensive body of the latest knowledge in the field of neuropeptides and their action on energy balance. It contains a detailed and comprehensive account of the specific hypothalamic peptides in regards to their roles in energy balance, food intake control and co-morbidities, to better understand the patho-physiology of obesity. The textbook includes an examination the history of the evolution of human society from a thin to the obese phenotype and, within that context, how modern society habits and industrial food production did not respect the evolutionary trait resulting in changes in the energy balance set point. It provides a novel conceptualization of the problem of obesity when considering the biochemistry of peptide hormones and entertaining novel ideas on multiple approaches to the problems of energy balance, as well as demonstrates and explains why alterations in pro-hormone processing are paramount to understand metabolic disease. This text is excellent material for teaching graduate and medical school courses, as well as a valuable resource for researchers in biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology, neuroscientists, physician endocrinologists, and nutritionists.